Salivary Trefoil Factor Family (TFF) Peptides and Their Roles in Oral and Esophageal Protection: Therapeutic Potential

• Published in: International journal of molecular sciences 2021-11, Vol.22 (22), p.12221
• Main Author: Hoffmann, Werner
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Antiinfectives and antibacterials; artificial saliva; Body fluids; Calcium phosphates; Calcium-Binding Proteins - immunology; Cell Adhesion Molecules - immunology; Chemotherapy; DMBT1; DNA-Binding Proteins - immunology; Epithelium; Esophagus; Esophagus - immunology; Exocrine glands; Fc receptors; FCGBP; Humans; Immune system; Immunity, Innate; Immunoglobulin G; Investigations; Lectins; Lubricating properties; Mouth - immunology; Mucositis; Peptides; Proteins; Radiation therapy; Review; Rheological properties; Rheology; Roles; Saliva; Salivary gland; Salivary glands; Salivary Proteins and Peptides - immunology; TFF3; Trefoil factor; Trefoil Factors - immunology; Tumor Suppressor Proteins - immunology; Western blotting; Wound healing
• ISSN: 1422-0067; 1661-6596; 1422-0067
• DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212221

Human saliva is a complex body fluid with more than 3000 different identified proteins. Besides rheological and lubricating properties, saliva supports wound healing and acts as an antimicrobial barrier. TFF peptides are secreted from the mucous acini of the major and minor salivary glands and are typical constituents of normal saliva; TFF3 being the predominant peptide compared with TFF1 and TFF2. Only TFF3 is easily detectable by Western blotting. It occurs in two forms, a disulfide-linked homodimer (Mr: 13k) and a high-molecular-mass heterodimer with IgG Fc binding protein (FCGBP). TFF peptides are secretory lectins known for their protective effects in mucous epithelia; the TFF3 dimer probably has wound-healing properties due to its weak motogenic effect. There are multiple indications that FCGBP and TFF3-FCGBP play a key role in the innate immune defense of mucous epithelia. In addition, homodimeric TFF3 interacts in vitro with the salivary agglutinin DMBT1 . Here, the protective roles of TFF peptides, FCGBP, and DMBT1 in saliva are discussed. TFF peptides are also used to reduce radiotherapy- or chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis. Thus, TFF peptides, FCGBP, and DMBT1 are promising candidates for better formulations of artificial saliva, particularly improving wound healing and antimicrobial effects even in the esophagus.