The Evolution of a Higher-Dimensional FRW Universe with Variable G and Λ and Particle Creation

Using an open thermodynamic systems theory, the effect of particle creation on the evolution and dynamics of the standard cosmological FLRW model in a higher-dimensional spacetime with functionally dependent cosmological and gravitational constants Λ and G is investigated. The gravitational field eq...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Universe (Basel) 2023-06, Vol.9 (6), p.255
Main Author: Alfedeel, Alnadhief H. A.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Cosmology
Dark energy
Differential equations
Evolution
Expected values
higher dimensions
Investigations
particle creation
Radiation
Spacetime
Thermodynamics
Universe
Variables
varying G and Λ
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Summary:Using an open thermodynamic systems theory, the effect of particle creation on the evolution and dynamics of the standard cosmological FLRW model in a higher-dimensional spacetime with functionally dependent cosmological and gravitational constants Λ and G is investigated. The gravitational field equations have been transformed into a dimensionless system of non-linear, first-order, coupled differential equations (DEs) as functions of the universe’s density parameters Ωi and rate of particle creation Ψ in redshift space, which can be numerically casted. Two cosmological models are obtained, depending on the choice of particle creation rate—Ψ∼H2 and Ψ∼n2 for dust-, radiation- and dark-energy-dominated universes, respectively. The dynamic behaviour of each model is discussed.
ISSN:2218-1997
2218-1997
DOI:10.3390/universe9060255