Monitoring Age-Related Changes in Gait Complexity in the Wild with a Smartphone Accelerometer System

• Published in: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Switzerland), 2024-11, Vol.24 (22), p.7175
• Main Authors: Di Bacco, Vincenzo E, Gage, William H
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Accelerometers; Accelerometry - instrumentation; Accelerometry - methods; Adaptability; Adult; Age; Aged; Analysis; Entropy; Exercise; Falls; Falls (Accidents); Female; Fitness equipment; free-living walking; Gait; Gait - physiology; Humans; Male; Monitoring, Physiologic - instrumentation; Monitoring, Physiologic - methods; nonlinear dynamics; Older people; Questionnaires; Sample size; Shopping centers; Shopping malls; Smart phones; Smartphone; Smartphones; statistical persistence; variability; Velocity; Walking; Walking - physiology; Wavelet transforms; wearables; Young Adult; Young adults
• ISSN: 1424-8220; 1424-8220
• DOI: 10.3390/s24227175

Stride-to-stride fluctuations during walking reflect age-related changes in gait adaptability and are estimated with nonlinear measures that confine data collection to controlled settings. Smartphones, with their embedded accelerometers, may provide accessible gait analysis throughout the day. This study investigated age-related differences in linear and nonlinear gait measures estimated from a smartphone accelerometer (SPAcc) in an unconstrained, free-living environment. Thirteen young adults (YA) and 11 older adults (OA) walked within a shopping mall with a SPAcc placed in their front right pants pocket. The inter-stride interval, calculated as the time difference between ipsilateral heel contacts, was used for dependent measures calculations. One-way repeated-measures analysis of variance revealed significant ( < 0.05) age-related differences (mean: YA, OA) for stride-time standard deviation (0.04 s, 0.05 s) and coefficient of variation (3.47%, 4.16%), sample entropy (SaEn) scale 1 (1.70, 1.86) and scale 3 (2.12, 1.80), and statistical persistence decay (31 strides, 23 strides). The fractal scaling index was not different between groups (0.93, 0.95), but exceeded those typically found in controlled settings, suggesting an upregulation in adaptive behaviour likely to accommodate the increased challenge of free-living walking. These findings support the SPAcc as a viable telehealth instrument for remote monitoring of gait dynamics, with implications for unsupervised fall-risk assessment.