Cell-Free Carbonic Anhydrase IX mRNA in Urine as Biomarker for Urogenital Cancers: The Relationship Between Urinary Extracellular RNA and Tumor-Cell-Associated RNA

• Published in: Current issues in molecular biology 2024-12, Vol.46 (12), p.13881-13892
• Main Authors: Malentacchi, Francesca, Mancini, Irene, Villari, Donata, Forster, Michael, Marzocco, Andrea, Galli, Ilaria Camilla, Viola, Lorenzo, Masieri, Lorenzo, Nesi, Gabriella, Pinzani, Pamela
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: biomarkers in urine; CAIX; liquid biopsy; urinary-cell-free mRNA; urinary-tumor-cell-associated mRNA
• ISSN: 1467-3045; 1467-3037; 1467-3045
• DOI: 10.3390/cimb46120829

Circulating tumor cells and cell-free nucleic acids are novel diagnostic, prognostic and predictive tools for non-invasive and cost-effective cancer detection in liquid biopsy. Carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) has been proposed as a biomarker in urogenital tumors and urine sediment. Our aim was to evaluate CAIX full-length percentage (CAIX FL%) in urine-cell-free RNA (cfRNA) and its relationship with tumor-cell-associated RNA (TC-RNA). CAIX FL% was quantified by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) in patients with prostate, kidney or bladder carcinoma. When cfRNA and TC-RNA were analyzed, CAIX FL% was significantly higher in urine samples from cancer patients than from controls. Using a 10% cutoff for CAIX FL%, specificity, sensitivity, positive and negative predictive values, as well as accuracy for TC-RNA were higher than for cfRNA in all urogenital cancers, but varied according to tumor type. CAIX FL% distribution in TC-RNA differed significantly ( < 0.001) between control and tumor samples (37.5% and 96.2%, respectively); similar results were obtained for each tumor type. Additionally, the 10% cutoff showed a 77.9% concordance between TC-RNA and cfRNA. In conclusion, urine is proposed as an alternative biofluid for investigating CAIX FL% in urogenital cancers, and this parameter can be reliably measured as cfRNA and TC-RNA with different predictive capabilities depending on tumor type.