Ameliorative Effect of Tocotrienols on Perimenopausal-Associated Osteoporosis—A Review

Osteoporosis, or bone loss, is a disease that affects many women globally. As life expectancy increases, the risk of osteoporosis in women also increases, too, and this will create a burden on the healthcare and economic sectors of a country. Osteoporosis was once thought to be a disease that would...

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Published in:Antioxidants 2022-11, Vol.11 (11), p.2179
Main Authors: Liang, Gengfan, Kow, Audrey Siew Foong, Tham, Chau Ling, Ho, Yu-Cheng, Lee, Ming Tatt
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Anti-inflammatory agents
antioxidant
Antioxidants
Apoptosis
Bioavailability
bone health
Bone loss
Cancer therapies
Cytokines
Enzymes
estrogen
Estrogens
Fractures
Inflammation
Life span
Lipid peroxidation
Lipids
Menopause
Mineralization
Osteoporosis
Oxidative stress
perimenopause
Phosphatase
Physiological aspects
Post-menopause
Prevention
Progesterone
Proteins
Review
Reviews
Vitamin E
Womens health
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Summary:Osteoporosis, or bone loss, is a disease that affects many women globally. As life expectancy increases, the risk of osteoporosis in women also increases, too, and this will create a burden on the healthcare and economic sectors of a country. Osteoporosis was once thought to be a disease that would occur only after menopause. However, many studies have shown that osteoporosis may develop even in the perimenopausal stage. Due to the erratic levels of estrogen and progesterone during the perimenopausal stage, studies suggest that women are exposed to the risk of developing osteoporosis even at this stage. The erratic hormonal changes result in the production of proinflammatory mediators and cause oxidative stress, which leads to the progressive loss of bone-building activities. Tocotrienols, members of vitamin E, have many health-promoting properties. Due to their powerful anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties, tocotrienols have shown positive anti-osteoporotic properties in post-menopausal studies. Hence, we propose here that tocotrienols could also possibly alleviate perimenopausal osteoporosis by discussing in this review the connection between inflammatory mediators produced during perimenopause and the risk of osteoporosis. Tocotrienols could potentially be an anti-osteoporotic agent, but due to their low bioavailability, they have not been as effective as they could be. Several approaches have been evaluated to overcome this issue, as presented in this review. As the anti-osteoporotic effects of tocotrienols were mostly studied in post-menopausal models, we hope that this review could pave the way for more research to be done to evaluate their effect on peri-menopausal models so as to reduce the risk of osteoporosis from an earlier stage.
ISSN:2076-3921
2076-3921
DOI:10.3390/antiox11112179