Plasticity of Intestinal Epithelium: Stem Cell Niches and Regulatory Signals

The discovery of Lgr5+ intestinal stem cells (ISCs) triggered a breakthrough in the field of ISC research. Lgr5+ ISCs maintain the homeostasis of the intestinal epithelium in the steady state, while these cells are susceptible to epithelial damage induced by chemicals, pathogens, or irradiation. Dur...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:International journal of molecular sciences 2020-12, Vol.22 (1), p.357
Main Authors: Kurokawa, Ken, Hayakawa, Yoku, Koike, Kazuhiko
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Ablation
Animals
Apoptosis
Cell differentiation
Chemical damage
Cytokines
dedifferentiation
Epithelium
Fibroblasts
Homeostasis
Humans
Inflammation
Intestinal Mucosa - cytology
Intestinal Mucosa - metabolism
intestinal stem cells (ISCs)
Intestine
Ligands
Liver
Metabolites
Microbiota
Multiple sclerosis
Nervous system
Notch
Paneth cells
Pathogens
Plastic foam
Plastic properties
Plasticity
Progenitor cells
Radiation
Radiation damage
Regeneration
Review
Signal Transduction
Smooth muscle
Stem Cell Niche
Stem cells
Stem Cells - cytology
Stem Cells - metabolism
Wnt
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Summary:The discovery of Lgr5+ intestinal stem cells (ISCs) triggered a breakthrough in the field of ISC research. Lgr5+ ISCs maintain the homeostasis of the intestinal epithelium in the steady state, while these cells are susceptible to epithelial damage induced by chemicals, pathogens, or irradiation. During the regeneration process of the intestinal epithelium, more quiescent +4 stem cells and short-lived transit-amplifying (TA) progenitor cells residing above Lgr5+ ISCs undergo dedifferentiation and act as stem-like cells. In addition, several recent reports have shown that a subset of terminally differentiated cells, including Paneth cells, tuft cells, or enteroendocrine cells, may also have some degree of plasticity in specific situations. The function of ISCs is maintained by the neighboring stem cell niches, which strictly regulate the key signal pathways in ISCs. In addition, various inflammatory cytokines play critical roles in intestinal regeneration and stem cell functions following epithelial injury. Here, we summarize the current understanding of ISCs and their niches, review recent findings regarding cellular plasticity and its regulatory mechanism, and discuss how inflammatory cytokines contribute to epithelial regeneration.
ISSN:1422-0067
1661-6596
1422-0067
DOI:10.3390/ijms22010357