Adaptation by the Brown Planthopper to Resistant Rice: A Test of Female-Derived Virulence and the Role of Yeast-like Symbionts

The adaptation by planthoppers to feed and develop on resistant rice is a challenge for pest management in Asia. We conducted a series of manipulative experiments with the brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens (Stål)) on the resistant rice variety IR62 (BPH3/BPH32 genes) to assess behavioral and bio...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Insects (Basel, Switzerland) Switzerland), 2021-10, Vol.12 (10), p.908
Main Authors: Horgan, Finbarr G., Peñalver Cruz, Ainara, Arida, Arriza, Ferrater, Jedeliza B., Bernal, Carmencita C.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Adaptation
BPH3
BPH32
Delphacidae
Eggs
Endosymbionts
Experiments
Females
Fulgoroidea
Genes
Genetic crosses
Genetic engineering
Growth rate
Heat treatment
Heat treatments
Heteroptera
honeydew
Males
Nilaparvata lugens
Offspring
Pest control
Pest resistance
Plant breeding
Progeny
Rice
Roles
Seedlings
Symbionts
Vertical transfer
Virulence
Yeast
Yeasts
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Summary:The adaptation by planthoppers to feed and develop on resistant rice is a challenge for pest management in Asia. We conducted a series of manipulative experiments with the brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens (Stål)) on the resistant rice variety IR62 (BPH3/BPH32 genes) to assess behavioral and bionomic changes in planthoppers exhibiting virulence adaptation. We also examined the potential role of yeast-like symbionts (YLS) in virulence adaptation by assessing progeny fitness (survival × reproduction) following controlled matings between virulent males or females and avirulent males or females, and by manipulating YLS densities in progeny through heat treatment. We found virulence-adapted planthoppers developed faster, grew larger, had adults that survived for longer, had female-biased progeny, and produced more eggs than non-selected planthoppers on the resistant variety. However, feeding capacity—as revealed through honeydew composition—remained inefficient on IR62, even after 20+ generations of exposure to the resistant host. Virulence was derived from both the male and female parents; however, females contributed more than males to progeny virulence. We found that YLS are essential for normal planthopper development and densities are highest in virulent nymphs feeding on the resistant host; however, we found only weak evidence that YLS densities contributed more to virulence. Virulence against IR62 in the brown planthopper, therefore, involves a complex of traits that encompass a series of behavioral, physiological, and genetic mechanisms, some of which are determined only by the female parent.
ISSN:2075-4450
2075-4450
DOI:10.3390/insects12100908