Expected TMS excites the motor system less effectively than unexpected stimulation

• Published in: NeuroImage (Orlando, Fla.) Fla.), 2021-02, Vol.226, p.117541-117541, Article 117541
• Main Authors: Tran, Dominic M.D., McNair, Nicolas A., Harris, Justin A., Livesey, Evan J.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adult; Auditory evoked potentials; Brain research; Cortex (motor); Electromyography; Evoked Potentials, Motor - physiology; Excitability; Experiments; Female; Humans; Magnetic fields; Male; Motivation - physiology; Motor Cortex - physiology; Motor evoked potentials; Motor system; Motor task performance; Muscles; Neural coding; Predictive coding; Sensory attenuation; Somatosensory cortex; Sound; Temporal expectation; Transcranial magnetic stimulation; Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation - methods
• ISSN: 1053-8119; 1095-9572
• DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117541

•Prediction-based attenuation is widely documented in sensory and reward systems.•We examined predictive coding in the motor system by stimulating M1.•Motor system activity was suppressed when TMS could be anticipated or predicted.•Motor attenuation reveals commonalities in the organisation of neural circuits.•TMS protocols and experiments need to control for prediction-based attenuation. The brain's response to sensory input is modulated by prediction. For example, sounds that are produced by one's own actions, or those that are strongly predicted by environmental cues, elicit an attenuated N1 component in the auditory evoked potential. It has been suggested that this form of sensory attenuation to stimulation produced by one's own actions is the reason we are unable to tickle ourselves. Here we examined whether the neural response to direct stimulation of the brain is attenuated by prediction in a similar manner. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) applied over primary motor cortex can be used to gauge the excitability of the motor system. Motor-evoked potentials (MEPs), elicited by TMS and measured in peripheral muscles, are larger when actions are being prepared and smaller when actions are voluntarily suppressed. We tested whether the amplitude of MEPs was attenuated under circumstances where the TMS pulse can be reliably predicted, even though control of the relevant motor effector was never required. Self-initiation of the TMS pulse and reliable cuing of the TMS pulse both produced attenuated MEP amplitudes, compared to those generated programmatically in an unpredictable manner. These results suggest that predictive coding may be governed by domain-general mechanisms responsible for all forms predictive learning. The findings also have important methodological implications for designing TMS experiments that control for the predictability of TMS pulses.