Influence of Gut Microbiota on Subclinical Inflammation and Insulin Resistance

Obesity is the main condition that is correlated with the appearance of insulin resistance, which is the major link among its comorbidities, such as type 2 diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, and several types of cancer. Obesity affects a large...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Mediators of Inflammation 2013-01, Vol.2013 (2013), p.669-681
Main Authors: Carvalho, Bruno Melo, Abdalla Saad, Mario Jose
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Animals
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - immunology
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - microbiology
Gastrointestinal Tract - immunology
Gastrointestinal Tract - microbiology
Health aspects
Host-bacteria relationships
Humans
Insulin Resistance - physiology
Microbiota (Symbiotic organisms)
Obesity
Obesity - immunology
Obesity - microbiology
Review
Risk factors
Type 2 diabetes
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Summary:Obesity is the main condition that is correlated with the appearance of insulin resistance, which is the major link among its comorbidities, such as type 2 diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, and several types of cancer. Obesity affects a large number of individuals worldwide; it degrades human health and quality of life. Here, we review the role of the gut microbiota in the pathophysiology of obesity and type 2 diabetes, which is promoted by a bacterial diversity shift mediated by overnutrition. Whole bacteria, their products, and metabolites undergo increased translocation through the gut epithelium to the circulation due to degraded tight junctions and the consequent increase in intestinal permeability that culminates in inflammation and insulin resistance. Several strategies focusing on modulation of the gut microbiota (antibiotics, probiotics, and prebiotics) are being experimentally employed in metabolic derangement in order to reduce intestinal permeability, increase the production of short chain fatty acids and anorectic gut hormones, and promote insulin sensitivity to counteract the inflammatory status and insulin resistance found in obese individuals.
ISSN:0962-9351
1466-1861
DOI:10.1155/2013/986734