Matched Filter for Acoustic Emission Monitoring in Noisy Environments: Application to Wire Break Detection

• Published in: Acoustics (Basel, Switzerland) Switzerland), 2024-03, Vol.6 (1), p.204-218
• Main Authors: Lange, Alexander, Xu, Ronghua, Kaeding, Max, Marx, Steffen, Ostermann, Joern
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Acoustic emission; Acoustic emission testing; Algorithms; Amplitudes; bridge monitoring; Bridges; Concrete; Concrete structures; damage detection; Datasets; Experiments; Hammers; Infrastructure; Inspections; matched filter; Matched filters; Monitoring; Noise levels; pattern matching; Post-tensioning; Prestressed concrete; Preventive maintenance; Reinforcing steels; Sensors; Signal detection; Signal to noise ratio; Stress corrosion cracking; structural health monitoring; Structural safety; Turbines; Wind power; Wind turbines; Wire
• ISSN: 2624-599X; 2624-599X
• DOI: 10.3390/acoustics6010011

Regular inspections of important civil infrastructures are mandatory to ensure structural safety and reliability. Until today, these inspections are primarily conducted manually, which has several deficiencies. In context of prestressed concrete structures, steel tendons can be susceptible to stress corrosion cracking, which may result in breakage of individual wires that is visually not observable. Recent research therefore suggests Acoustic Emission Monitoring for wire break detection in prestressed concrete structures. However, in noisy environments, such as wind turbines, conventional acoustic emission detection based on user-defined amplitude thresholds may not be suitable. Thus, we propose the use of matched filters for acoustic emission detection in noisy environments and apply the proposed method to the task of wire break detection in post-tensioned wind turbine towers. Based on manually conducted wire breaks and rebound hammer tests on a large-scale test frame, we employ a brute-force search for the most suitable query signal of a wire break event and a rebound hammer impact, respectively. Then, we evaluate the signal detection performance on more than 500 other wire break signals and approximately one week of continuous acoustic emission recordings in an operating wind turbine. For a signal-to-noise ratio of 0 dB, the matched filter approach shows an improvement in AUC by up to 0.78 for both, the wire break and the rebound hammer query signal, compared to state-of-the-art amplitude-based detection. Even for the unscaled wire break measurements originally recorded at the 12 m large laboratory test frame, the improvement in AUC still lies between 0.01 and 0.25 depending on the wind turbine noise recordings considered for evaluation. Matched filters may therefore be a promising alternative to amplitude-based detection algorithms and deserve particular consideration with regard to Acoustic Emission Monitoring, especially in noisy environments or when sparse senor networks are required.