Functional consequences of brain exposure to saturated fatty acids: From energy metabolism and insulin resistance to neuronal damage

Introduction Saturated fatty acids (FAs) are the main component of high‐fat diets (HFDs), and high consumption has been associated with the development of insulin resistance, endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in neuronal cells. In particular, the reduction in neuronal insuli...

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Published in:Endocrinology, diabetes & metabolism diabetes & metabolism, 2023-01, Vol.6 (1), p.e386-n/a
Main Authors: Sánchez‐Alegría, Karina, Arias, Clorinda
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Animal cognition
Brain
Brain - metabolism
Carbon
Dehydrogenases
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Energy
Energy Metabolism
Enzymes
Fatty acids
Fatty Acids - adverse effects
Fatty Acids - metabolism
Humans
Insulin resistance
Insulin Resistance - physiology
Kinases
Lipids
Membranes
Metabolism
Mitochondria
mitochondrial dysfunction
neurodegeneration
Neurons
Neurons - metabolism
Oxidation
palmitic acid
Physiology
Proteins
Review
saturated fatty acids
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Summary:Introduction Saturated fatty acids (FAs) are the main component of high‐fat diets (HFDs), and high consumption has been associated with the development of insulin resistance, endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in neuronal cells. In particular, the reduction in neuronal insulin signaling seems to underlie the development of cognitive impairments and has been considered a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Methods This review summarized and critically analyzed the research that has impacted the field of saturated FA metabolism in neurons. Results We reviewed the mechanisms for free FA transport from the systemic circulation to the brain and how they impact neuronal metabolism. Finally, we focused on the molecular and the physiopathological consequences of brain exposure to the most abundant FA in the HFD, palmitic acid (PA). Conclusion Understanding the mechanisms that lead to metabolic alterations in neurons induced by saturated FAs could help to develop several strategies for the prevention and treatment of cognitive impairment associated with insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, or type II diabetes. Saturated fatty acids induce insulin resistance in neurons. Neuronal metabolism of palmitic acid alters mitochondrial function.
ISSN:2398-9238
2398-9238
DOI:10.1002/edm2.386