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Signals of Systemic Immunity in Plants: Progress and Open Questions

Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is a defence mechanism that induces protection against a wide range of pathogens in distant, pathogen-free parts of plants after a primary inoculation. Multiple mobile compounds were identified as putative SAR signals or important factors for influencing movement o...

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Published in:International journal of molecular sciences 2018-04, Vol.19 (4), p.1146
Main Authors: Ádám, Attila L, Nagy, Zoltán Á, Kátay, György, Mergenthaler, Emese, Viczián, Orsolya
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container_title International journal of molecular sciences
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description Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is a defence mechanism that induces protection against a wide range of pathogens in distant, pathogen-free parts of plants after a primary inoculation. Multiple mobile compounds were identified as putative SAR signals or important factors for influencing movement of SAR signalling elements in and tobacco. These include compounds with very different chemical structures like lipid transfer protein DIR1 (DEFECTIVE IN INDUCED RESISTANCE1), methyl salicylate (MeSA), dehydroabietinal (DA), azelaic acid (AzA), glycerol-3-phosphate dependent factor (G3P) and the lysine catabolite pipecolic acid (Pip). Genetic studies with different SAR-deficient mutants and silenced lines support the idea that some of these compounds (MeSA, DIR1 and G3P) are activated only when SAR is induced in darkness. In addition, although AzA doubled in phloem exudate of (TMV) infected tobacco leaves, external AzA treatment could not induce resistance neither to viral nor bacterial pathogens, independent of light conditions. Besides light intensity and timing of light exposition after primary inoculation, spectral distribution of light could also influence the SAR induction capacity. Recent data indicated that TMV and CMV ( ) infection in tobacco, like bacteria in caused massive accumulation of Pip. Treatment of tobacco leaves with Pip in the light, caused a drastic and significant local and systemic decrease in lesion size of TMV infection. Moreover, two very recent papers, added in proof, demonstrated the role of FMO1 (FLAVIN-DEPENDENT-MONOOXYGENASE1) in conversion of Pip to -hydroxypipecolic acid (NHP). NHP systemically accumulates after microbial attack and acts as a potent inducer of plant immunity to bacterial and oomycete pathogens in . These results argue for the pivotal role of Pip and NHP as an important signal compound of SAR response in different plants against different pathogens.
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subjects Arabidopsis
Arabidopsis - genetics
Arabidopsis - microbiology
Arabidopsis - virology
azelaic acid
glycerol-3-phosphate
Light
light dependent signalling
methyl salicylate
N-hydroxypipecolic acid
pipecolic acid
Plant Immunity - genetics
Plant Immunity - radiation effects
Review
salicylic acid
SAR signalling
Signal Transduction
spectral distribution of light
tobacco
title Signals of Systemic Immunity in Plants: Progress and Open Questions
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