Temperature Stable Ion Exchange Resins as Catalysts for the Manufacturing of Vitamin Precursors by Aldol Reaction

This study explores the potential of robust, strongly basic type I ion exchange resins—specifically, Amberlyst® A26 OH and Lewatit® K 6465—as catalysts for the aldol condensation of citral and acetone, yielding pseudoionone. Emphasis is placed on their long-term stability and commendable performance...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:International journal of molecular sciences 2023-09, Vol.24 (18), p.14367
Main Authors: Vosberg, Jonas, Bouveyron, Thomas, Eisen-Winter, Simon, Drönner, Jan, Raabe, Gerhard, Vanhoorne, Pierre, Behnke, Sven, Eisenacher, Matthias
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
aldol reaction
Carbon
catalyst deactivation
Catalysts
Cellulose
Computer software industry
Dietary supplements industry
Green technology
heterogeneous catalysis
ion exchange resin
Ion exchange resins
Phenols
Resins
Vitamins
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Summary:This study explores the potential of robust, strongly basic type I ion exchange resins—specifically, Amberlyst® A26 OH and Lewatit® K 6465—as catalysts for the aldol condensation of citral and acetone, yielding pseudoionone. Emphasis is placed on their long-term stability and commendable performance in continuous operational settings. The aldol reaction, which traditionally is carried out using aqueous sodium hydroxide as the catalyst, holds the potential for enhanced sustainability and reduced waste production through the use of basic ion exchange resins in heterogeneous catalysis. Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations are employed to investigate catalyst deactivation mechanisms. The result of these calculations indicates that the active sites of Amberlyst® A26 OH are cleaved more easily than the active sites of Lewatit® K 6465. However, the experimental data show a gradual decline in catalytic activity for both resins. Batch experiments reveal Amberlyst® A26 OH’s active sites diminishing, while Lewatit® K 6465 maintains relative consistency. This points to distinct deactivation processes for each catalyst. The constant count of basic sites in Lewatit® K 6465 during the reaction suggests additional factors due to its unique polymer structure. This intriguing observation also highlights an exceptional temperature stability for Lewatit® K 6465 compared to Amberlyst® A26 OH, effectively surmounting one of the prominent challenges associated with the utilization of ion exchange resins in catalytic applications.
ISSN:1422-0067
1661-6596
1422-0067
DOI:10.3390/ijms241814367