Citrinin Mycotoxin Contamination in Food and Feed: Impact on Agriculture, Human Health, and Detection and Management Strategies

Citrinin (CIT) is a mycotoxin produced by different species of , , and . CIT can contaminate a wide range of foods and feeds at any time during the pre-harvest, harvest, and post-harvest stages. CIT can be usually found in beans, fruits, fruit and vegetable juices, herbs and spices, and dairy produc...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Toxins 2022-01, Vol.14 (2), p.85
Main Authors: Kamle, Madhu, Mahato, Dipendra Kumar, Gupta, Akansha, Pandhi, Shikha, Sharma, Nitya, Sharma, Bharti, Mishra, Sadhna, Arora, Shalini, Selvakumar, Raman, Saurabh, Vivek, Dhakane-Lad, Jyoti, Kumar, Manoj, Barua, Sreejani, Kumar, Arvind, Gamlath, Shirani, Kumar, Pradeep
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Agriculture
Animal Feed
Animals
Beans
Biosynthesis
Cereals
Citrinin
Citrinin - chemistry
Citrinin - metabolism
Citrinin - toxicity
Contamination
Dairy products
detection and management strategies
Feeds
Food
food and feed contamination
Food consumption
Food contamination
Food Contamination - analysis
Food products
Food safety
Fruits
Fungi
Fungi - metabolism
Genes
Genotoxicity
Good Manufacturing Practice
Grain
Harvest
Harvesting
human health
Humans
Metabolites
Mycotoxins
Pigments
Review
Rice
Risk reduction
Spices
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Description
Summary:Citrinin (CIT) is a mycotoxin produced by different species of , , and . CIT can contaminate a wide range of foods and feeds at any time during the pre-harvest, harvest, and post-harvest stages. CIT can be usually found in beans, fruits, fruit and vegetable juices, herbs and spices, and dairy products, as well as red mold rice. CIT exerts nephrotoxic and genotoxic effects in both humans and animals, thereby raising concerns regarding the consumption of CIT-contaminated food and feed. Hence, to minimize the risk of CIT contamination in food and feed, understanding the incidence of CIT occurrence, its sources, and biosynthetic pathways could assist in the effective implementation of detection and mitigation measures. Therefore, this review aims to shed light on sources of CIT, its prevalence in food and feed, biosynthetic pathways, and genes involved, with a major focus on detection and management strategies to ensure the safety and security of food and feed.
ISSN:2072-6651
2072-6651
DOI:10.3390/toxins14020085