Sodium Intake and Incidence of Diabetes Complications in Elderly Patients with Type 2 Diabetes-Analysis of Data from the Japanese Elderly Diabetes Intervention Study (J-EDIT)

• Published in: Nutrients 2021-02, Vol.13 (2), p.689
• Main Authors: Horikawa, Chika, Aida, Rei, Tanaka, Shiro, Kamada, Chiemi, Tanaka, Sachiko, Yoshimura, Yukio, Kodera, Remi, Fujihara, Kazuya, Kawasaki, Ryo, Moriya, Tatsumi, Yamashita, Hidetoshi, Ito, Hideki, Sone, Hirohito, Araki, Atsushi
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Aged; Aged patients; Aged, 80 and over; Angina pectoris; Blood pressure; Body mass index; Cardiovascular disease; Cardiovascular diseases; Cataracts; Cause of Death; Complications; Creatinine; Diabetes; diabetes complications; Diabetes Complications - etiology; Diabetes Complications - mortality; Diabetes mellitus; Diabetes mellitus (non-insulin dependent); Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - complications; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - mortality; Diabetic retinopathy; Diabetic Retinopathy - etiology; Diabetic Retinopathy - mortality; Diet Surveys; Dietary intake; Female; Food; Food groups; Food habits; Heart attacks; Humans; Incidence; Japan; Japan - epidemiology; Laboratories; Lipids; Male; medical nutritional therapy; Middle age; Mortality; Nephropathy; Nutrition; older adults; Older people; Patients; Population; Proportional Hazards Models; Prospective Studies; Questionnaires; Retinopathy; Risk Factors; Sodium; sodium intake; Sodium, Dietary - adverse effects; Sodium, Dietary - analysis; Stroke; Surveys; Type 2 diabetes; Vegetables
• ISSN: 2072-6643; 2072-6643
• DOI: 10.3390/nu13020689

This study investigates the associations between sodium intake and diabetes complications in a nationwide cohort of elderly Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes aged 65-85. Data from 912 individuals regarding their dietary intake at baseline is analyzed and assessed by the Food Frequency Questionnaire based on food groups. Primary outcomes are times to diabetic retinopathy, overt nephropathy, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and all-cause mortality during six years. We find that mean sodium intake in quartiles ranges from 2.5 g to 5.9 g/day. After adjustment for confounders, no significant associations are observed between sodium intake quartiles and incidence of diabetes complications and mortality, except for a significant trend for an increased risk of diabetic retinopathy ( = 0.039). Among patients whose vegetable intake was less than the average of 268.7 g, hazard ratios (HRs) for diabetic retinopathy in patients in the second, third, and fourth quartiles of sodium intake compared with the first quartile were 0.87 (95% CI, 0.31-2.41), 2.61 (1.00-6.83), and 3.70 (1.37-10.02), respectively. Findings indicate that high sodium intake under conditions of low vegetable intake is associated with an elevated incidence of diabetic retinopathy in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes.