Fluorescence Modulation by Amines: Mechanistic Insights into Twisted Intramolecular Charge Transfer (TICT) and Beyond

Amine groups are common constituents of organic dyes and play important roles in tuning fluorescence properties. In particular, intensive research works have demonstrated the tendency and capabilities of amines in influencing chromophore brightness. Such properties have been explained by multiple me...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Chemosensors 2023-01, Vol.11 (2), p.87
Main Authors: Chen, Cheng, Fang, Chong
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
amine-containing chromophores
Amines
Charge transfer
Chemical compounds
Chemical sensors
Chemoreceptors
Chromophores
electronic and vibrational spectroscopy
Energy dissipation
Energy gap
Fluorescence
fluorescence quantum yield
Fluorophores
Geometry
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen
Properties
solvent polarity
Solvents
theory and computations
twisted intramolecular charge transfer
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Summary:Amine groups are common constituents of organic dyes and play important roles in tuning fluorescence properties. In particular, intensive research works have demonstrated the tendency and capabilities of amines in influencing chromophore brightness. Such properties have been explained by multiple mechanisms spanning from twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) to the energy gap law and beyond, which introduce additional nonradiative energy dissipation pathways. In this review, we aim to provide a focused overview of the mechanistic insights mainly for the TICT mechanism, accompanied by a few other less common or influential fluorescence quenching mechanisms in the amine-containing fluorescent molecules. Various aspects of current scientific findings including the rational design and synthesis of organic chromophores, theoretical calculations, steady-state and time-resolved electronic and vibrational spectroscopies are reviewed. These in-depth understandings of how the amine groups with diverse chemical structures at various atomic sites affect excited-state nonradiative decay pathways will facilitate the strategic and targeted development of fluorophores with desired emission properties as versatile chemosensors for broad applications.
ISSN:2227-9040
2227-9040
DOI:10.3390/chemosensors11020087