Quantitative Assessment of Sea Surface Salinity Estimates Using a High-Frequency Radar in Ise Bay, Japan

• Published in: Remote sensing (Basel, Switzerland) Switzerland), 2023-06, Vol.15 (12), p.3088
• Main Authors: Toguchi, Yu, Fujii, Satoshi
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Analysis; Aquatic ecosystems; Coastal ecosystems; Coastal zone; Coasts; Ecosystems; electric conductivity; Environmental impact; Error analysis; Estimates; Estuaries; Fresh water; high-frequency radar; JONSWAP spectrum; Marine environment; Radar; Radar arrays; Radar data; Radar systems; River plumes; Rivers; Root-mean-square errors; Salinity; Salinity effects; Satellites; sea surface salinity; Surface velocity; Tsunamis; Velocity; Velocity distribution; Water discharge; wave spectra; Wind; Wind effects
• ISSN: 2072-4292; 2072-4292
• DOI: 10.3390/rs15123088

Changes in sea surface salinity (SSS) caused by the discharge of freshwater plumes from rivers affect the marine environment in estuaries; therefore, monitoring SSS is essential for understanding the changes in physical phenomena within coastal ecosystems induced by river plume discharge. Previous studies showed that salinity could be estimated using a very-high-frequency radar; however, this method was only validated over a short period and few qualitative evaluations were performed. Therefore, to verify quantitative assessments of SSS estimates for practical use, we estimated SSS using the Doppler spectrum of a 24.5-MHz phased-array high-frequency (HF) radar installed in Ise Bay, Japan, and data of approximately 1 year were used for verification. The radar-estimated SSS map was consistent with the velocity field and salinity distribution reported in previous studies. The root mean square error (RMSE) of the SSS estimate for 1-h radar data compared with in situ observations was 4.42 psu when the effect of wind on the received power was removed and 5.04 psu when it was not. For the daily (25-h) average, the RMSE when the effect of wind was considered was 3.32 psu. These results were considered sufficiently applicable in closed coastal areas such as Ise Bay, where the SSS decreases rapidly by 10 psu or more due to river flooding. The results revealed that the HF radar, which can continuously measure sea surface velocity and SSS with a high spatiotemporal resolution, can be a useful tool for providing a deeper understanding of the physical and environmental phenomena that are greatly affected by river water discharge.