Immune Response and Evasion Mechanisms of Plasmodium falciparum Parasites

Malaria causes approximately 212 million cases and 429 thousand deaths annually. Plasmodium falciparum is responsible for the vast majority of deaths (99%) than others. The virulence of P. falciparum is mostly associated with immune response-evading ability. It has different mechanisms to evade both...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Journal of immunology research 2018-01, Vol.2018 (2018), p.1-6
Main Author: Belachew, Esmael Besufikad
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Anopheles
Apoptosis
CD8 antigen
Cell survival
Complement activation
Culicidae
Erythrocytes
Fatalities
Gametes
Hemozoin
Human behavior
Immune response
Immunology
Janus kinase
Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes T
Macrophages
Major histocompatibility complex
Malaria
Midgut
Mosquitoes
Parasites
Phagocytes
Plasmodium
Plasmodium falciparum
Proteins
Review
Vaccines
Vector-borne diseases
Virulence
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Summary:Malaria causes approximately 212 million cases and 429 thousand deaths annually. Plasmodium falciparum is responsible for the vast majority of deaths (99%) than others. The virulence of P. falciparum is mostly associated with immune response-evading ability. It has different mechanisms to evade both Anopheles mosquito and human host immune responses. Immune-evading mechanisms in mosquito depend mainly on the Pfs47 gene that inhibits Janus kinase-mediated activation. Host complement factor also protects human complement immune attack of extracellular gametes in Anopheles mosquito midgut. In the human host, evasion largely results from antigenic variation, polymorphism, and sequestration. They also induce Kupffer cell apoptosis at the preerythrocytic stage and interfere with phagocytic functions of macrophage by hemozoin in the erythrocytic stage. Lack of major histocompatibility complex-I molecule expression on the surface red blood cells also avoids recognition by CD8+ T cells. Complement proteins could allow for the entry of parasite into the red blood cell. Intracellular survival also assists the escape of malarial parasite. Invading, evading, and immune response mechanisms both in malaria vector and human host are critical to design appropriate vaccine. As a result, the receptors and ligands involved in different stages of malaria parasites should be elucidated.
ISSN:2314-8861
2314-7156
DOI:10.1155/2018/6529681