Patients with Obesity and a History of Metformin Treatment Have Lower Influenza Mortality: A Retrospective Cohort Study

• Published in: Pathogens (Basel) 2022-02, Vol.11 (2), p.270
• Main Authors: Cummings, Tammy H, Magagnoli, Joseph, Hardin, James W, Sutton, S Scott
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Cohort analysis; Comorbidity; Cough; Demographics; Demography; Diabetes mellitus; Diagnosis; drug repurposing; Electronic health records; Electronic medical records; Fever; Greedy algorithms; Hypothesis; Immune response; Inflammation; Influenza; Informatics; Lymphocytes T; Metformin; Mortality; Obesity; Pandemics; Patients; Risk analysis; Risk factors; Statistical models; T-cell restoration
• ISSN: 2076-0817; 2076-0817
• DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020270

Obesity is a risk factor for the development of influenza by leading to a chronic inflammatory state and T-cell dysfunction. Based upon preclinical research, metformin has influenza activity by restoring T-cell function and improving the immune response. We aimed to evaluate the potential drug repurposing of metformin for the management of influenza among patients with obesity utilizing national claims data in an electronic health record database. The VA Informatics and Computing Infrastructure (VINCI) was utilized to obtain individual-level information on demographics, administrative claims, and pharmacy dispensation. A cohort was created among individuals with laboratory confirmed diagnosis of influenza with a diagnosis of fever, cough, influenza, or acute upper respiratory infection in an outpatient setting. The study outcome was death after diagnosis of influenza. Cohorts were formed using diabetes status and metformin exposure prior to a positive influenza diagnosis. Hazard ratios for mortality were estimated using a cox proportional hazards model adjusting for baseline covariates and a sub-analysis was conducted utilizing propensity score matching. A greedy nearest neighbor algorithm was utilized to match 1 to 1 non-metformin diabetic controls and non-diabetic controls to diabetic patients receiving metformin. A total of 3551 patients met the inclusion criteria and were evaluated in our study. The cohorts consisted of 1461 patients in the non-diabetic cohort, 1597 patients in the diabetic / metformin cohort, and 493 patients in the diabetic no metformin cohort. Compared to non-diabetic patients, diabetic patients with metformin had a lower rate of death (aHR 0.78, 95% CI 0.609-0.999). There was not a statistical difference between the non-diabetic patients and the diabetic patients without metformin (aHR 1.046, 95% CI 0.781-1.400). The propensity score matched cohorts revealed consistent results with the primary analysis. Our results demonstrated patients with obesity and a history of metformin treatment have lower influenza mortality.