Mechanistic Insights into Plant Chiral Growth

The latent left–right asymmetry (chirality) of vascular plants is best witnessed as a helical elongation of cylindrical organs in climbing plants. Interestingly, helical handedness is usually fixed in given species, suggesting genetic control of chirality. Arabidopsis thaliana, a small mustard plant...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Symmetry (Basel) 2020-12, Vol.12 (12), p.2056
Main Authors: Nakamura, Masayoshi, Hashimoto, Takashi
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Arabidopsis thaliana
Cell adhesion & migration
Cell division
Cellular structure
Cellulose
Chirality
Elongation
Handedness
helical growth
Kinases
microtubule
Mustard
Mutation
Organs
Regulators
tubulin
Twisting
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Summary:The latent left–right asymmetry (chirality) of vascular plants is best witnessed as a helical elongation of cylindrical organs in climbing plants. Interestingly, helical handedness is usually fixed in given species, suggesting genetic control of chirality. Arabidopsis thaliana, a small mustard plant, normally does not twist but can be mutated to exhibit helical growth in elongating organs. Genetic, molecular and cell biological analyses of these twisting mutants are providing mechanistic insights into the left–right handedness as well as how potential organ skewing is suppressed in most plants. Growth direction of elongating plant cells is determined by alignment of cellulose microfibrils in cell walls, which is guided by cortical microtubules localized just beneath the plasma membrane. Mutations in tubulins and regulators of microtubule assembly or organization give rise to helical arrangements of cortical microtubule arrays in Arabidopsis cells and cause helical growth of fixed handedness in axial organs such as roots and stems. Whether tubulins are assembled into a microtubule composed of straight or tilted protofilaments might determine straight or twisting growth. Mechanistic understanding of helical plant growth will provide a paradigm for connecting protein filament structure to cellular organization.
ISSN:2073-8994
2073-8994
DOI:10.3390/sym12122056