Insulin and Insulin Resistance in Alzheimer’s Disease

• Published in: International journal of molecular sciences 2021-09, Vol.22 (18), p.9987
• Main Authors: Sędzikowska, Aleksandra, Szablewski, Leszek
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Aging; AKT protein; Alzheimer's disease; Amino acids; Blood circulation; Blood-brain barrier; Brain; Catecholamine; Catecholamines; Cell cycle; Cell differentiation; Cell growth; Central nervous system; Cognition; Disease resistance; Gene expression; Glucose; Glucose metabolism; Glucose transport; Glycolysis; Growth factors; Hypothalamus; Insulin; Insulin resistance; insulin-like growth factor; Insulin-like growth factor I; Insulin-like growth factors; Kinases; Lipolysis; Localization; Mammals; MAP kinase; Metabolism; Mitochondrial DNA; Nervous system; Neurodegeneration; Neurons; Neuroplasticity; Peptides; Plasma; Protein biosynthesis; Protein synthesis; Proteins; Proteolysis; Review; Signal transduction; type 2 diabetes mellitus; γ-Aminobutyric acid
• ISSN: 1422-0067; 1661-6596; 1422-0067
• DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189987

Insulin plays a range of roles as an anabolic hormone in peripheral tissues. It regulates glucose metabolism, stimulates glucose transport into cells and suppresses hepatic glucose production. Insulin influences cell growth, differentiation and protein synthesis, and inhibits catabolic processes such as glycolysis, lipolysis and proteolysis. Insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 receptors are expressed on all cell types in the central nervous system. Widespread distribution in the brain confirms that insulin signaling plays important and diverse roles in this organ. Insulin is known to regulate glucose metabolism, support cognition, enhance the outgrowth of neurons, modulate the release and uptake of catecholamine, and regulate the expression and localization of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Insulin is also able to freely cross the blood–brain barrier from the circulation. In addition, changes in insulin signaling, caused inter alia insulin resistance, may accelerate brain aging, and affect plasticity and possibly neurodegeneration. There are two significant insulin signal transduction pathways: the PBK/AKT pathway which is responsible for metabolic effects, and the MAPK pathway which influences cell growth, survival and gene expression. The aim of this study is to describe the role played by insulin in the CNS, in both healthy people and those with pathologies such as insulin resistance and Alzheimer’s disease.