Enhancing Crowd Monitoring System Functionality through Data Fusion: Estimating Flow Rate from Wi-Fi Traces and Automated Counting System Data

Crowd monitoring systems (CMSs) provide a state-of-the-art solution to manage crowds objectively. Most crowd monitoring systems feature one type of sensor, which severely limits the insights one can simultaneously gather regarding the crowd’s traffic state. Incorporating multiple functionally comple...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Switzerland), 2020-10, Vol.20 (21), p.6032
Main Authors: Duives, Dorine C., van Oijen, Tim, Hoogendoorn, Serge P.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Access control
Algorithms
automated counting systems
Automation
Cameras
Communication
crowd management
Crowd monitoring
crowd monitoring system
data fusion
Data integration
Flow velocity
Global positioning systems
GPS
Infrastructure
Monitoring systems
Multisensor fusion
pedestrian movement dynamics
Power supply
Radio frequency identification
Recurrent neural networks
Sensors
Social networks
Wi-Fi sensor data
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Summary:Crowd monitoring systems (CMSs) provide a state-of-the-art solution to manage crowds objectively. Most crowd monitoring systems feature one type of sensor, which severely limits the insights one can simultaneously gather regarding the crowd’s traffic state. Incorporating multiple functionally complementary sensor types is expensive. CMSs are needed that exploit data fusion opportunities to limit the number of (more expensive) sensors. This research estimates a data fusion algorithm to enhance the functionality of a CMS featuring Wi-Fi sensors by means of a small number of automated counting systems. Here, the goal is to estimate the pedestrian flow rate accurately based on real-time Wi-Fi traces at one sensor location, and historic flow rate and Wi-Fi trace information gathered at other sensor locations. Several data fusion models are estimated, amongst others, linear regression, shallow and recurrent neural networks, and Auto Regressive Moving Average (ARMAX) models. The data from the CMS of a large four-day music event was used to calibrate and validate the models. This study establishes that the RNN model best predicts the flow rate for this particular purpose. In addition, this research shows that model structures that incorporate information regarding the average current state of the area and the temporal variation in the Wi-Fi/count ratio perform best.
ISSN:1424-8220
1424-8220
DOI:10.3390/s20216032