Small Molecule Drugs That Inhibit Phagocytosis

• Published in: Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Switzerland), 2023-01, Vol.28 (2), p.757
• Main Authors: Loriamini, Melika, Lewis-Bakker, Melissa M, Frias Boligan, Kayluz, Wang, Siming, Holton, Mairead B, Kotra, Lakshmi P, Branch, Donald R
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Animal models; Animals; Antibodies; Apoptosis; Autoimmune diseases; Biocompatibility; Blood; Chemical compounds; Cooperation; Drug Discovery; Drug dosages; Enzymes; Experiments; immune cytopenias; Immunosuppressive agents; In vitro methods and tests; In vivo methods and tests; Lead compounds; medicinal chemistry; Metabolism; Mice; Phagocytes; Phagocytosis; phagocytosis inhibitors; Pyrazole; Pyrazoles; Pyrazoles - chemistry; Structure-Activity Relationship; Toxicity
• ISSN: 1420-3049; 1420-3049
• DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020757

In our initial publication on the in vitro testing of more than 200 compounds, we demonstrated that small molecules can inhibit phagocytosis. We therefore theorized that a small molecule drug discovery-based approach to the treatment of immune cytopenias (ITP, AIHA, HTR, DHTR) is feasible. Those earlier studies showed that small molecules with anti-phagocytic groups, such as the pyrazole core, are good models for producing efficacious phagocytosis inhibitors with low toxicity. We recently screened a chemical library of 80 compounds containing pyrazole/isoxazole/pyrrole core structures and found four hit molecules for further follow-up, all having the pyrazole core structure. Subsequent evaluation via MTT viability, LDH release, and apoptosis, led to the selection of two lead compounds with negligible toxicity and high efficacy. In an in vitro assay for inhibition of phagocytosis, their IC values were 2-4 µM. The rational development of these discoveries from hit to lead molecule stage, viz. independent synthesis/scale up of hit molecules, and in vivo activities in mouse models of autoimmune disease, will result in the selection of a lead compound(s) for further pre-clinical evaluation.