Ochratoxin A Producing Fungi, Biosynthetic Pathway and Regulatory Mechanisms

Ochratoxin A (OTA), mainly produced by Aspergillus and Penicillum species, is one of the most important mycotoxin contaminants in agricultural products. It is detrimental to human health because of its nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, carcinogenicity, teratogenicity, and immunosuppression. OTA struct...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Toxins 2016-03, Vol.8 (3), p.83
Main Authors: Wang, Yan, Wang, Liuqing, Liu, Fei, Wang, Qi, Selvaraj, Jonathan Nimal, Xing, Fuguo, Zhao, Yueju, Liu, Yang
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Aspergillus - metabolism
biosynthetic pathway
Biosynthetic Pathways
ochratoxin A
Ochratoxins - biosynthesis
Ochratoxins - metabolism
Penicillium - metabolism
producing fungi
regulatory mechanisms
Review
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Summary:Ochratoxin A (OTA), mainly produced by Aspergillus and Penicillum species, is one of the most important mycotoxin contaminants in agricultural products. It is detrimental to human health because of its nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, carcinogenicity, teratogenicity, and immunosuppression. OTA structurally consists of adihydrocoumarin moiety linked with l-phenylalanine via an amide bond. OTA biosynthesis has been putatively hypothesized, although several contradictions exist on some processes of the biosynthetic pathway. We discuss recent information on molecular studies of OTA biosynthesis despite insufficient genetic background in detail. Accordingly, genetic regulation has also been explored with regard to the interaction between the regulators and the environmental factors. In this review, we focus on three aspects of OTA: OTA-producing strains, OTA biosynthetic pathway and the regulation mechanisms of OTA production. This can pave the way to assist in protecting food and feed from OTA contamination by understanding OTA biosynthetic pathway and regulatory mechanisms.
ISSN:2072-6651
2072-6651
DOI:10.3390/toxins8030083