Fetal Programming of the Neuroendocrine-Immune System and Metabolic Disease

Adverse uterine environments experienced during fetal development can alter the projected growth pattern of various organs and systems of the body, leaving the offspring at an increased risk of metabolic disease. The thrifty phenotype hypothesis has been demonstrated as an alteration to the growth t...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Journal of Pregnancy 2012-01, Vol.2012 (2012), p.369-378
Main Authors: Fisher, R. E., Steele, M., Karrow, N. A.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Cardiovascular Diseases - embryology
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - embryology
Female
Fetal Development - physiology
Humans
Immune System - embryology
Neurosecretory Systems - embryology
Obesity - embryology
Pregnancy
Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects - etiology
Prenatal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
Review
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Summary:Adverse uterine environments experienced during fetal development can alter the projected growth pattern of various organs and systems of the body, leaving the offspring at an increased risk of metabolic disease. The thrifty phenotype hypothesis has been demonstrated as an alteration to the growth trajectory to improve the survival and reproductive fitness of the individual. However, when the intrauterine environment does not match the extrauterine environment problems can arise. With the increase in metabolic diseases in both Westernized and developing countries, it is becoming apparent that there is an environmental disconnect with the extrauterine environment. Therefore, the focus of this paper will be to explore the effects of maternal malnutrition on the offspring’s susceptibility to metabolic disorders such as obesity, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes with emphasis on programming of the neuroendocrine-immune system.
ISSN:2090-2727
2090-2735
DOI:10.1155/2012/792934