Animal Models for Studying Protein-Bound Uremic Toxin Removal—A Systematic Review

Protein-bound uremic toxins (PBUTs) are associated with the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and its associated morbidity and mortality. The conventional dialysis techniques are unable to efficiently remove PBUTs due to their plasma protein binding. Therefore, novel approaches are being d...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:International journal of molecular sciences 2023-09, Vol.24 (17), p.13197
Main Authors: Ahmed, Sabbir, de Vries, Joost C, Lu, Jingyi, Stuart, Milan H. Verrijn, Mihăilă, Silvia M, Vernooij, Robin W. M, Masereeuw, Rosalinde, Gerritsen, Karin G. F
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Analysis
animal models
Animals
Blood proteins
Calcification
chronic kidney disease
Chronic kidney failure
Creatinine
Health aspects
hippuric acid
indoxyl sulfate
Kidney diseases
Mortality
para-cresyl sulfate
Plasma
Protein binding
protein-bound uremic toxins
Proteins
Review
Citations: Items that this one cites
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Description
Summary:Protein-bound uremic toxins (PBUTs) are associated with the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and its associated morbidity and mortality. The conventional dialysis techniques are unable to efficiently remove PBUTs due to their plasma protein binding. Therefore, novel approaches are being developed, but these require validation in animals before clinical trials can begin. We conducted a systematic review to document PBUT concentrations in various models and species. The search strategy returned 1163 results for which abstracts were screened, resulting in 65 full-text papers for data extraction (rats (n = 41), mice (n = 17), dogs (n = 3), cats (n = 4), goats (n = 1), and pigs (n = 1)). We performed descriptive and comparative analyses on indoxyl sulfate (IS) concentrations in rats and mice. The data on large animals and on other PBUTs were too heterogeneous for pooled analysis. Most rodent studies reported mean uremic concentrations of plasma IS close to or within the range of those during kidney failure in humans, with the highest in tubular injury models in rats. Compared to nephron loss models in rats, a greater rise in plasma IS compared to creatinine was found in tubular injury models, suggesting tubular secretion was more affected than glomerular filtration. In summary, tubular injury rat models may be most relevant for the in vivo validation of novel PBUT-lowering strategies for kidney failure in humans.
ISSN:1422-0067
1661-6596
1422-0067
DOI:10.3390/ijms241713197