Metabolomic Profile of Indonesian Betel Quids

Consumption of areca nut alone, or in the form of betel quid (BQ), has negative health effects and is carcinogenic to humans. Indonesia is one of the largest producers of areca nuts worldwide, yet little is known about the biomolecular composition of Indonesian areca nuts and BQs. We have recently s...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Biomolecules (Basel, Switzerland) Switzerland), 2022-10, Vol.12 (10), p.1469
Main Authors: Zhang, Pangzhen, Sari, Elizabeth Fitriana, McCullough, Michael J, Cirillo, Nicola
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Alcohols
Aldehydes
Alkaloids
Alkaloids - chemistry
Areca - chemistry
Areca catechu
areca nut
benzenoids
betel quid
Chromatography
Esters
Gas chromatography
Genotoxicity
Humans
Indonesia
Mass spectrometry
Mass spectroscopy
Metabolomics
Methods
Nuts
Oral cancer
Phenolic compounds
Safrole
Scientific imaging
Statistical analysis
Terpenes
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Summary:Consumption of areca nut alone, or in the form of betel quid (BQ), has negative health effects and is carcinogenic to humans. Indonesia is one of the largest producers of areca nuts worldwide, yet little is known about the biomolecular composition of Indonesian areca nuts and BQs. We have recently shown that phenolic and alkaloid content of Indonesian BQs exhibits distinct geographical differences. Here, we profiled for the first time the metabolomics of BQ constituents from four regions of Indonesia using non-targeted gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. In addition to well-known alkaloids, the analysis of small-molecule profiles tentatively identified 92 phytochemicals in BQ. These included mainly benzenoids and terpenes, as well as acids, aldehydes, alcohols, and esters. Safrole, a potentially genotoxic benzenoid, was found abundantly in betel ( ) inflorescence from West Papua and was not detected in areca nut samples from any Indonesian region except West Papua. Terpenes were mostly detected in betel leaves and inflorescence/stem. Areca nut, husk, betel leaf, the inflorescence stem, and BQ mixture expressed distinctive metabolite patterns, and a significant variation in the content and concentration of metabolites was found across different geographical regions. In summary, this was the first metabolomic study of BQs using GC-MS. The results demonstrate that the molecular constituents of BQs vary geographically and suggest that the differential disease-inducing capacity of BQs may reflect their distinct chemical composition.
ISSN:2218-273X
2218-273X
DOI:10.3390/biom12101469