Satellite observations of unprecedented phytoplankton blooms in the Maud Rise polynya, Southern Ocean

• Published in: The cryosphere 2020-04, Vol.14 (4), p.1385-1398
• Main Authors: Jena, Babula, Pillai, Anilkumar N
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Algorithms; Antarctic sea ice; Bias; Biomass; Blooms; Carbon dioxide; Carbon dioxide atmospheric concentrations; Carbon fixation; Chlorophyll; Chlorophyll a; Climate; Climatic conditions; Comparative analysis; Eddies; Global climate; Global warming; Ice cover; Net Primary Productivity; Nutrient cycles; Nutrients; Ocean circulation; Oceanic eddies; Oceans; Phytoplankton; Plankton; Polar environments; Polynyas; Primary production; Productivity; Satellite data; Satellite observation; Satellites; Sea ice; Spectroradiometers; Time; Upper ocean; Upwelling; Wind stress; Wind stress curl
• ISSN: 1994-0424; 1994-0416; 1994-0424; 1994-0416
• DOI: 10.5194/tc-14-1385-2020

The appearance of phytoplankton blooms within sea ice cover is of high importance considering the upper ocean primary production that controls the biological pump, with implications for atmospheric CO2 and global climate. Satellite-derived chlorophyll a concentration showed unprecedented phytoplankton blooms in the Maud Rise polynya, Southern Ocean, with chlorophyll a reaching up to 4.67 mg m−3 during 2017. Multi-satellite data indicated that the bloom appeared for the first time since the entire mission records started in 1978. An Argo float located in the polynya edge provided evidence of bloom conditions in austral spring 2017 (chlorophyll a up to 5.47 mg m−3) compared to the preceding years with prevailing low chlorophyll a. The occurrence of bloom was associated with the supply of nutrients into the upper ocean through Ekman upwelling (driven by wind stress curl and cyclonic ocean eddies) and improved light conditions of up to 61.9 einstein m−2 d−1. The net primary production from the Aqua Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer chlorophyll-based algorithm showed that the Maud Rise polynya was as productive as the Antarctic coastal polynyas, with carbon fixation rates reaching up to 415.08 mg C m−2 d−1. The study demonstrates how the phytoplankton in the Southern Ocean (specifically over the shallow bathymetric region) would likely respond in the future under warming climate conditions and continued melting of Antarctic sea ice.