Crowdsourced Indoor Positioning with Scalable WiFi Augmentation

In recent years, crowdsourcing approaches have been proposed to record the WiFi signals annotated with the location of the reference points (RPs) extracted from the trajectories of common users to reduce the burden of constructing a fingerprint (FP) database for indoor positioning. However, crowdsou...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Switzerland), 2023-04, Vol.23 (8), p.4095
Main Authors: Dong, Yinhuan, He, Guoxiong, Arslan, Tughrul, Yang, Yunjie, Ma, Yingda
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Accuracy
Analysis
augmentation
Benchmarks
Cellular telephones
Computation
Crowdsourcing
Datasets
Gaussian process
indoor positioning
machine learning
Methods
Propagation
Radio frequency identification
Sensors
Smartphones
Wi-Fi
WiFi fingerprinting
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Summary:In recent years, crowdsourcing approaches have been proposed to record the WiFi signals annotated with the location of the reference points (RPs) extracted from the trajectories of common users to reduce the burden of constructing a fingerprint (FP) database for indoor positioning. However, crowdsourced data is usually sensitive to crowd density. The positioning accuracy degrades in some areas due to a lack of FPs or visitors. To improve the positioning performance, this paper proposes a scalable WiFi FP augmentation method with two major modules: virtual reference point generation (VRPG) and spatial WiFi signal modeling (SWSM). A globally self-adaptive (GS) and a locally self-adaptive (LS) approach are proposed in VRPG to determine the potential unsurveyed RPs. A multivariate Gaussian process regression (MGPR) model is designed to estimate the joint distribution of all WiFi signals and predicts the signals on unsurveyed RPs to generate more FPs. Evaluations are conducted on an open-source crowdsourced WiFi FP dataset based on a multi-floor building. The results show that combining GS and MGPR can improve the positioning accuracy by 5% to 20% from the benchmark, but with halved computation complexity compared to the conventional augmentation approach. Moreover, combining LS and MGPR can sharply reduce 90% of the computation complexity against the conventional approach while still providing moderate improvement in positioning accuracy from the benchmark.
ISSN:1424-8220
1424-8220
DOI:10.3390/s23084095