Imaging Biomarkers for Monitoring the Inflammatory Redox Landscape in the Brain

Inflammation is one key process in driving cellular redox homeostasis toward oxidative stress, which perpetuates inflammation. In the brain, this interplay results in a vicious cycle of cell death, the loss of neurons, and leakage of the blood-brain barrier. Hence, the neuroinflammatory response fue...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Antioxidants 2021-03, Vol.10 (4), p.528
Main Authors: Fernandes, Eduardo Felipe Alves, Özcelik, Dennis
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Air pollution
Alzheimer's disease
Amine oxidase (flavin-containing)
Apoptosis
Biomarkers
Blood-brain barrier
Brain research
Cell death
Cytokines
Homeostasis
imaging biomarker
Immune system
Inflammation
Inflammatory diseases
microglia
Neurodegeneration
Neuroimaging
Outdoor air quality
Oxidative stress
oxidative stress response
Oxygenase
Pathogens
Physiology
Pollutants
Positron emission tomography
Proteins
reactive oxygen species
redox sensor
Review
Stroke
Tumor necrosis factor-TNF
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Summary:Inflammation is one key process in driving cellular redox homeostasis toward oxidative stress, which perpetuates inflammation. In the brain, this interplay results in a vicious cycle of cell death, the loss of neurons, and leakage of the blood-brain barrier. Hence, the neuroinflammatory response fuels the development of acute and chronic inflammatory diseases. Interrogation of the interplay between inflammation, oxidative stress, and cell death in neurological tissue in vivo is very challenging. The complexity of the underlying biological process and the fragility of the brain limit our understanding of the cause and the adequate diagnostics of neuroinflammatory diseases. In recent years, advancements in the development of molecular imaging agents addressed this limitation and enabled imaging of biomarkers of neuroinflammation in the brain. Notable redox biomarkers for imaging with positron emission tomography (PET) tracers are the 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO) and monoamine oxygenase B (MAO-B). These findings and achievements offer the opportunity for novel diagnostic applications and therapeutic strategies. This review summarizes experimental as well as established pharmaceutical and biotechnological tools for imaging the inflammatory redox landscape in the brain, and provides a glimpse into future applications.
ISSN:2076-3921
2076-3921
DOI:10.3390/antiox10040528