Symptom Severity, Infection Progression and Plant Responses in Solanum Plants Caused by Three Pospiviroids Vary with the Inoculation Procedure

Infectious viroid clones consist of dimeric cDNAs used to generate transcripts which mimic the longer-than-unit replication intermediates. These transcripts can be either generated in vitro or produced in vivo by agro-inoculation. We have designed a new plasmid, which allows both inoculation methods...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:International journal of molecular sciences 2021-06, Vol.22 (12), p.6189
Main Authors: Vázquez Prol, Francisco, Márquez-Molins, Joan, Rodrigo, Ismael, López-Gresa, María Pilar, Bellés, José María, Gómez, Gustavo, Pallás, Vicente, Lisón, Purificación
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Accumulation
agro-infiltration
Biosynthesis
CEVd
Cloning
Flowers & plants
Infections
Inoculation
Intermediates
Methods
Pathogenesis
Plasmids
Pospiviroidae
PSTVd
RNA processing
rRNA 18S
Solanum lycopersicum
Solanum melongena
TCDVd
Tomatoes
Viroids
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Summary:Infectious viroid clones consist of dimeric cDNAs used to generate transcripts which mimic the longer-than-unit replication intermediates. These transcripts can be either generated in vitro or produced in vivo by agro-inoculation. We have designed a new plasmid, which allows both inoculation methods, and we have compared them by infecting Solanum lycopersicum and Solanum melongena with clones of Citrus exocortis virod (CEVd), Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid (TCDVd), and Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd). Our results showed more uniform and severe symptoms in agro-inoculated plants. Viroid accumulation and the proportion of circular and linear forms were different depending on the host and the inoculation method and did not correlate with the symptoms, which correlated with an increase in PR1 induction, accumulation of the defensive signal molecules salicylic (SA) and gentisic (GA) acids, and ribosomal stress in tomato plants. The alteration in ribosome biogenesis was evidenced by both the upregulation of the tomato ribosomal stress marker SlNAC082 and the impairment in 18S rRNA processing, pointing out ribosomal stress as a novel signature of the pathogenesis of nuclear-replicating viroids. In conclusion, this updated binary vector has turned out to be an efficient and reproducible method that will facilitate the studies of viroid–host interactions.
ISSN:1422-0067
1661-6596
1422-0067
DOI:10.3390/ijms22126189