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Yield and Composition of the Essential Oil of Clinopodium nepeta subsp. spruneri as Affected by Harvest Season and Cultivation Method, i.e., Outdoor, Greenhouse and In Vitro Culture
subsp. is an aromatic herb with a mint-oregano flavor, used in Mediterranean regions in traditional medicine. The aerial parts of the plant are rich in essential oil that has antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties as well as insecticidal activity. The aim of our work was to dete...
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Published in: | Plants (Basel) 2023-12, Vol.12 (24), p.4098 |
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description | subsp.
is an aromatic herb with a mint-oregano flavor, used in Mediterranean regions in traditional medicine. The aerial parts of the plant are rich in essential oil that has antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties as well as insecticidal activity. The aim of our work was to determine the yield and composition of the essential oil of the plant, in relation to the harvest season and cultivation method, i.e., outdoor, greenhouse and in vitro culture, using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) as an analytical tool. Essential oil yield fluctuated similarly in outdoor and greenhouse plants during the year (0.9-2.6%), with higher percentages (2.1-2.6%) in the hottest periods June-October (flowering stage) and April (vegetative stage), and was similar to the yield in in vitro plants (1.7%). More compounds were identified in the oil of outdoor and greenhouse plants (35) compared to that of in vitro plants (21), while the main compounds were the same, i.e., pulegone (13.0-32.0%, highest in February-April, 15.0% in vitro), piperitenone oxide (3.8-31.8%, lowest in February, 34.2% in vitro), piperitone epoxide (4.6-16.4%, highest in February, 15.5% in vitro), D-limonene (2.1-8.8%, lowest in February, 10.0% in vitro), isomenthone (2.3-23.0%, highest in February, 4.6% in vitro), germacrene D (1.9-6.5% highest in December-April, 2.9% in vitro) and dicyclogermacrene (2.1-5.3%, highest in December-April, 5.2% in vitro). Therefore, greenhouse and in vitro cultures were equally efficient in yielding essential oil and its constituents as outdoor cultivation, while in outdoor and greenhouse cultivations, the harvest season, mainly due to the prevailing ambient temperatures, affected the essential oil yield and its percentage composition. |
doi_str_mv | 10.3390/plants12244098 |
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is an aromatic herb with a mint-oregano flavor, used in Mediterranean regions in traditional medicine. The aerial parts of the plant are rich in essential oil that has antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties as well as insecticidal activity. The aim of our work was to determine the yield and composition of the essential oil of the plant, in relation to the harvest season and cultivation method, i.e., outdoor, greenhouse and in vitro culture, using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) as an analytical tool. Essential oil yield fluctuated similarly in outdoor and greenhouse plants during the year (0.9-2.6%), with higher percentages (2.1-2.6%) in the hottest periods June-October (flowering stage) and April (vegetative stage), and was similar to the yield in in vitro plants (1.7%). More compounds were identified in the oil of outdoor and greenhouse plants (35) compared to that of in vitro plants (21), while the main compounds were the same, i.e., pulegone (13.0-32.0%, highest in February-April, 15.0% in vitro), piperitenone oxide (3.8-31.8%, lowest in February, 34.2% in vitro), piperitone epoxide (4.6-16.4%, highest in February, 15.5% in vitro), D-limonene (2.1-8.8%, lowest in February, 10.0% in vitro), isomenthone (2.3-23.0%, highest in February, 4.6% in vitro), germacrene D (1.9-6.5% highest in December-April, 2.9% in vitro) and dicyclogermacrene (2.1-5.3%, highest in December-April, 5.2% in vitro). Therefore, greenhouse and in vitro cultures were equally efficient in yielding essential oil and its constituents as outdoor cultivation, while in outdoor and greenhouse cultivations, the harvest season, mainly due to the prevailing ambient temperatures, affected the essential oil yield and its percentage composition.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2223-7747</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2223-7747</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3390/plants12244098</identifier><identifier>PMID: 38140425</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Switzerland: MDPI AG</publisher><subject>Altitude ; Ambient temperature ; Anti-inflammatory agents ; Calamintha nepeta subsp. glandulosa ; Chemical composition ; chemical profile ; Clinopodium ; Composition ; Cultivation ; environmental variation ; Essential oils ; Flowering ; Flowers & plants ; Gas chromatography ; Germacrene ; Greenhouses ; Herbal medicine ; Inflammation ; Lamiaceae ; Limonene ; Mass spectrometry ; Mass spectroscopy ; medicinal aromatic plant ; Medicinal plants ; Medicine ; Mediterranean native plant ; Metabolites ; Oils & fats ; Oregano ; Outdoors ; Pharmaceuticals ; Piperitenone ; Piperitenone oxide ; Piperitone ; Pulegone ; Seasons ; Temperature effects</subject><ispartof>Plants (Basel), 2023-12, Vol.12 (24), p.4098</ispartof><rights>2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2023 by the authors. 2023</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c485t-97955ed211bc7816b0ec663a21113abec2b0e7e7676e4c2a68fbc699ae850bfa3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c485t-97955ed211bc7816b0ec663a21113abec2b0e7e7676e4c2a68fbc699ae850bfa3</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-5730-756X ; 0000-0002-5853-4780 ; 0000-0001-8934-7745</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.proquest.com/docview/2904845511/fulltextPDF?pq-origsite=primo$$EPDF$$P50$$Gproquest$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.proquest.com/docview/2904845511?pq-origsite=primo$$EHTML$$P50$$Gproquest$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,727,780,784,885,25753,27924,27925,37012,37013,44590,53791,53793,75126</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38140425$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Vlachou, Georgia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Papafotiou, Maria</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Daferera, Dimitra J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tarantilis, Petros A</creatorcontrib><title>Yield and Composition of the Essential Oil of Clinopodium nepeta subsp. spruneri as Affected by Harvest Season and Cultivation Method, i.e., Outdoor, Greenhouse and In Vitro Culture</title><title>Plants (Basel)</title><addtitle>Plants (Basel)</addtitle><description>subsp.
is an aromatic herb with a mint-oregano flavor, used in Mediterranean regions in traditional medicine. The aerial parts of the plant are rich in essential oil that has antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties as well as insecticidal activity. The aim of our work was to determine the yield and composition of the essential oil of the plant, in relation to the harvest season and cultivation method, i.e., outdoor, greenhouse and in vitro culture, using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) as an analytical tool. Essential oil yield fluctuated similarly in outdoor and greenhouse plants during the year (0.9-2.6%), with higher percentages (2.1-2.6%) in the hottest periods June-October (flowering stage) and April (vegetative stage), and was similar to the yield in in vitro plants (1.7%). More compounds were identified in the oil of outdoor and greenhouse plants (35) compared to that of in vitro plants (21), while the main compounds were the same, i.e., pulegone (13.0-32.0%, highest in February-April, 15.0% in vitro), piperitenone oxide (3.8-31.8%, lowest in February, 34.2% in vitro), piperitone epoxide (4.6-16.4%, highest in February, 15.5% in vitro), D-limonene (2.1-8.8%, lowest in February, 10.0% in vitro), isomenthone (2.3-23.0%, highest in February, 4.6% in vitro), germacrene D (1.9-6.5% highest in December-April, 2.9% in vitro) and dicyclogermacrene (2.1-5.3%, highest in December-April, 5.2% in vitro). Therefore, greenhouse and in vitro cultures were equally efficient in yielding essential oil and its constituents as outdoor cultivation, while in outdoor and greenhouse cultivations, the harvest season, mainly due to the prevailing ambient temperatures, affected the essential oil yield and its percentage composition.</description><subject>Altitude</subject><subject>Ambient temperature</subject><subject>Anti-inflammatory agents</subject><subject>Calamintha nepeta subsp. glandulosa</subject><subject>Chemical composition</subject><subject>chemical profile</subject><subject>Clinopodium</subject><subject>Composition</subject><subject>Cultivation</subject><subject>environmental variation</subject><subject>Essential oils</subject><subject>Flowering</subject><subject>Flowers & plants</subject><subject>Gas chromatography</subject><subject>Germacrene</subject><subject>Greenhouses</subject><subject>Herbal medicine</subject><subject>Inflammation</subject><subject>Lamiaceae</subject><subject>Limonene</subject><subject>Mass spectrometry</subject><subject>Mass spectroscopy</subject><subject>medicinal aromatic plant</subject><subject>Medicinal plants</subject><subject>Medicine</subject><subject>Mediterranean native plant</subject><subject>Metabolites</subject><subject>Oils & fats</subject><subject>Oregano</subject><subject>Outdoors</subject><subject>Pharmaceuticals</subject><subject>Piperitenone</subject><subject>Piperitenone oxide</subject><subject>Piperitone</subject><subject>Pulegone</subject><subject>Seasons</subject><subject>Temperature effects</subject><issn>2223-7747</issn><issn>2223-7747</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2023</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>PIMPY</sourceid><sourceid>DOA</sourceid><recordid>eNpdUk1r3DAQNaWlCdtceyyCXnrYdWVZtuxTCUuaLCTsoR_QkxjL46wWr-RK8kJ-WP5ftd4kZCsGJJ7evNE8TZJ8zGia5zX9OvRggs8Y45zW1ZvknDGWL4Tg4u2r81ly4f2WxlXFyMr3yVleZZxyVpwnj3809i0B05Kl3Q3W66CtIbYjYYPkyns0QUNP1ro_gMteGzvYVo87YnDAAMSPjR9S4gc3GnSagCeXXYcqYEuaB3IDbo8-kB8IPgpPhcY-6D1Mhe4wbGw7JzrFdE7WY2itdXNy7RDNxo4ep4yVIb91cHZKHR1-SN510Hu8eNpnya_vVz-XN4vb9fVqeXm7ULwqwqIWdVFgy7KsUSJ23lBUZZlDBLIcGlQsIgJFKUrkikFZdY0q6xqwKmjTQT5LVkfd1sJWDk7vwD1IC1pOgHX3ElzQqkfZtZyBaGjNRMURqlqpQiDLDtEhx6j17ag1jM0OWxWNddCfiJ7eGL2R93YvMxo_UeQ8Knx5UnD27xhNlTvtFfZxCjBaJVlNi4JVZcki9fN_1K0dnYleHVi84kURLZgl6ZGlnPXeYffymozKw4TJ0wmLCZ9e9_BCf56n_B9AY8_V</recordid><startdate>20231207</startdate><enddate>20231207</enddate><creator>Vlachou, Georgia</creator><creator>Papafotiou, Maria</creator><creator>Daferera, Dimitra J</creator><creator>Tarantilis, Petros A</creator><general>MDPI AG</general><general>MDPI</general><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7SN</scope><scope>7SS</scope><scope>7T7</scope><scope>7X2</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0K</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PATMY</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PYCSY</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><scope>DOA</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5730-756X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5853-4780</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8934-7745</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20231207</creationdate><title>Yield and Composition of the Essential Oil of Clinopodium nepeta subsp. spruneri as Affected by Harvest Season and Cultivation Method, i.e., Outdoor, Greenhouse and In Vitro Culture</title><author>Vlachou, Georgia ; Papafotiou, Maria ; Daferera, Dimitra J ; Tarantilis, Petros A</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c485t-97955ed211bc7816b0ec663a21113abec2b0e7e7676e4c2a68fbc699ae850bfa3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2023</creationdate><topic>Altitude</topic><topic>Ambient temperature</topic><topic>Anti-inflammatory agents</topic><topic>Calamintha nepeta subsp. glandulosa</topic><topic>Chemical composition</topic><topic>chemical profile</topic><topic>Clinopodium</topic><topic>Composition</topic><topic>Cultivation</topic><topic>environmental variation</topic><topic>Essential oils</topic><topic>Flowering</topic><topic>Flowers & plants</topic><topic>Gas chromatography</topic><topic>Germacrene</topic><topic>Greenhouses</topic><topic>Herbal medicine</topic><topic>Inflammation</topic><topic>Lamiaceae</topic><topic>Limonene</topic><topic>Mass spectrometry</topic><topic>Mass spectroscopy</topic><topic>medicinal aromatic plant</topic><topic>Medicinal plants</topic><topic>Medicine</topic><topic>Mediterranean native plant</topic><topic>Metabolites</topic><topic>Oils & fats</topic><topic>Oregano</topic><topic>Outdoors</topic><topic>Pharmaceuticals</topic><topic>Piperitenone</topic><topic>Piperitenone oxide</topic><topic>Piperitone</topic><topic>Pulegone</topic><topic>Seasons</topic><topic>Temperature effects</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Vlachou, Georgia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Papafotiou, Maria</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Daferera, Dimitra J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tarantilis, Petros A</creatorcontrib><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Ecology Abstracts</collection><collection>Entomology Abstracts (Full archive)</collection><collection>Industrial and Applied Microbiology Abstracts (Microbiology A)</collection><collection>Agricultural Science Collection</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Agricultural & Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>Agriculture Science Database</collection><collection>Biological Science Database</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Environmental Science Database</collection><collection>Publicly Available Content Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><collection>Directory of Open Access Journals(OpenAccess)</collection><jtitle>Plants (Basel)</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Vlachou, Georgia</au><au>Papafotiou, Maria</au><au>Daferera, Dimitra J</au><au>Tarantilis, Petros A</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Yield and Composition of the Essential Oil of Clinopodium nepeta subsp. spruneri as Affected by Harvest Season and Cultivation Method, i.e., Outdoor, Greenhouse and In Vitro Culture</atitle><jtitle>Plants (Basel)</jtitle><addtitle>Plants (Basel)</addtitle><date>2023-12-07</date><risdate>2023</risdate><volume>12</volume><issue>24</issue><spage>4098</spage><pages>4098-</pages><issn>2223-7747</issn><eissn>2223-7747</eissn><abstract>subsp.
is an aromatic herb with a mint-oregano flavor, used in Mediterranean regions in traditional medicine. The aerial parts of the plant are rich in essential oil that has antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties as well as insecticidal activity. The aim of our work was to determine the yield and composition of the essential oil of the plant, in relation to the harvest season and cultivation method, i.e., outdoor, greenhouse and in vitro culture, using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) as an analytical tool. Essential oil yield fluctuated similarly in outdoor and greenhouse plants during the year (0.9-2.6%), with higher percentages (2.1-2.6%) in the hottest periods June-October (flowering stage) and April (vegetative stage), and was similar to the yield in in vitro plants (1.7%). More compounds were identified in the oil of outdoor and greenhouse plants (35) compared to that of in vitro plants (21), while the main compounds were the same, i.e., pulegone (13.0-32.0%, highest in February-April, 15.0% in vitro), piperitenone oxide (3.8-31.8%, lowest in February, 34.2% in vitro), piperitone epoxide (4.6-16.4%, highest in February, 15.5% in vitro), D-limonene (2.1-8.8%, lowest in February, 10.0% in vitro), isomenthone (2.3-23.0%, highest in February, 4.6% in vitro), germacrene D (1.9-6.5% highest in December-April, 2.9% in vitro) and dicyclogermacrene (2.1-5.3%, highest in December-April, 5.2% in vitro). Therefore, greenhouse and in vitro cultures were equally efficient in yielding essential oil and its constituents as outdoor cultivation, while in outdoor and greenhouse cultivations, the harvest season, mainly due to the prevailing ambient temperatures, affected the essential oil yield and its percentage composition.</abstract><cop>Switzerland</cop><pub>MDPI AG</pub><pmid>38140425</pmid><doi>10.3390/plants12244098</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5730-756X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5853-4780</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8934-7745</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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subjects | Altitude Ambient temperature Anti-inflammatory agents Calamintha nepeta subsp. glandulosa Chemical composition chemical profile Clinopodium Composition Cultivation environmental variation Essential oils Flowering Flowers & plants Gas chromatography Germacrene Greenhouses Herbal medicine Inflammation Lamiaceae Limonene Mass spectrometry Mass spectroscopy medicinal aromatic plant Medicinal plants Medicine Mediterranean native plant Metabolites Oils & fats Oregano Outdoors Pharmaceuticals Piperitenone Piperitenone oxide Piperitone Pulegone Seasons Temperature effects |
title | Yield and Composition of the Essential Oil of Clinopodium nepeta subsp. spruneri as Affected by Harvest Season and Cultivation Method, i.e., Outdoor, Greenhouse and In Vitro Culture |
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