Animal Models for Testing Antidotes Against an Oral Cyanide Challenge

Cyanide (CN) is ubiquitous in many living organisms, commonly used in manufacturing processes (dyes, pigments, chelating agents, various nitriles, monomers, resins, fibers, case hardening, electroplating, extraction of precious metals, and fumigation), observed in accidental poisonings from natural...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Babin,Michael C, Reid,Frances M, Jett,David A, Platoff,Gennady Jr E, Yeung,David T
Format: Report
Language:English
Subjects:
ANTIDOTES
BIOLOGICAL ABSORPTION
chemical warfare agents
cyanide antidotes
CYANIDES
cyanogens
dog
exposure
humans
laboratory animals
medical countermeasures
metabolism
mouse
multiple species
nhp(non-human primates)
oral cyanide
physiological effects
pig
POISONING
rat
rodent
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
swine
therapeutics
toxicity tests
toxicokinetics
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Summary:Cyanide (CN) is ubiquitous in many living organisms, commonly used in manufacturing processes (dyes, pigments, chelating agents, various nitriles, monomers, resins, fibers, case hardening, electroplating, extraction of precious metals, and fumigation), observed in accidental poisonings from natural or manmade products (smoke inhalation, cyanogens in apple seeds, peach pits, cherry pits, etc.) and as a possible terror threat agent. A higher priority has been placed on CN treatment and antidote evaluations in recent years, possibly as a result of CN being associated with fires, suicide, homicide, judicial execution, assassinations, chemical warfare operations, and as a terrorist threat. The purpose of this review is to identify the similarities and differences between human and animal species exposed orally to cyanide and provide documentation and justification for species model selection under the FDA Animal Rule. Review of CN absorption, metabolism, toxicokinetics, anatomic and physiologic assessment in various small and large animal species was conducted with focus placed on the advantages of each in CN research being provided in this review.