Vacancy-driven magnetism of GdMnO3+δ multiferroic compound

• Published in: Journal of magnetism and magnetic materials 2023-12, Vol.587, Article 171221
• Main Authors: Mihalik, M., Pacanowska, A., Orendáč, M., Csach, K., Fitta, M.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Doping; Magnetic phase transitions; Magnetism; Perovskites
• ISSN: 0304-8853
• DOI: 10.1016/j.jmmm.2023.171221

The impact of the preparation atmosphere (air, Ar, or O2) on the magnetic properties of the multiferroic GdMnO3+δ compound is presented. It was found that the preparation atmosphere has only minor effect on TN, which can be found at temperatures 41.6 – 42.10 K. The transition connected with Tlock is strongly dependent on the preparation atmosphere and can be observed in temperature interval 18.7(1) – 23.4(1) K and can be hysteretic (sample prepared in air and O2 atmosphere), or non-hysteretic (sample prepared in Ar atmosphere). TGd can be found in temperature range 6.4(1) – 12.7(1) K, depending on the preparation route and the magnetic history of the sample. The mechanism hidden behind these effects is the oxygen off-stoichiometry of the prepared samples. The butterfly-type → ferromagnetic/ferrimagnetic → butterfly-type → antiferromagnetic sequence of the hysteresis loops with temperature increasing from 2 K to TN suggests the rich magnetic phase diagram of this compound. •GdMnO3: Magnetism vs. sample quality study.•TN does not depend on preparation atmosphere, but Tlock does.•Very complex magnetic phase diagram.