Green analytical comparison and central composite design optimization for simultaneous estimation of pain management drugs using RP-liquid chromatography

• Published in: Microchemical journal 2025-01, Vol.208, p.112309, Article 112309
• Main Authors: Kumar, D. Sathis, Bhavitha, K., Harani, A., Meenakshi, V., Rajendran, Parvathy, Lee, It Ee, Awadh, Mohammed Al, Yuheng, Lu, Prasad, N.E Chandra
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Central composite design; Chemistry; Design of experiments; Drugs used in pain management; Green Analytical Chemistry; RP-HPLC
• ISSN: 0026-265X
• DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2024.112309

[Display omitted] •Green Analytical Chemistry Focus: The study emphasizes eco-friendly analytical methods, aligning with green chemistry principles by minimizing environmental impact, solvent usage, and waste generation.•Central Composite Design (CCD) Optimization: Uses statistical design to optimize analytical parameters, enhancing performance and reducing experimental trials.•Simultaneous Drug Estimation: A robust method for the simultaneous quantification of multiple pain management drugs, ensuring efficiency and reducing analysis time in pharmaceutical quality control.•RP-Liquid Chromatography Method: Applies Reverse Phase Liquid Chromatography (RP-LC) for precise and accurate drug estimations.•Comparative Analytical Evaluation: Compares green methodologies, showcasing the advantages of the optimized approach for drug estimation. The Central Composite Design method was utilized to validate a precise RP-HPLC method for concurrently determining the quantities of Paracetamol (PC), Diclofenac Sodium (DS), and Eperisone Hydrochloride (EH) in tablet compositions. By employing Design of Experiment (DOE), the experimental parameters were fine-tuned, resulting in an optimized eluent consisting of methanol: water (90:10) with 0.1 % orthophosphoic acid at a eluent velocity of 1 mL/min. The method exhibited exceptional purities: PC (100.83 % ± 0.85), DS (102.01 % ± 0.90), and EH (100.49 % ± 1.29). Regression equations were formulated for PC, DS, and EH as follows: y = 479762x + 151907, y = 2182788x + 2409442, and y = 777144x − 1146334, respectively. The analytical method underwent comprehensive validation, including tests for: Accuracy, Precision, Linearity and Robustness. To assess the method’s environmental impact, several Green Analytical Chemistry (GAC) tools were employed. These tools provided a multifaceted evaluation of the method’s sustainability and eco-friendliness.