Construct Validity and Test--Retest Reliability of Questionnaires to Assess Workplace Violence Risk Factors

Introduction: Among available workplace violence (WPV) interventions, only data-driven, worksite-based, and risk-based approach WPV interventions had moderate evidence for effectiveness in decreasing the risk of WPV. The Questionnaires to Assess Workplace Violence Risk Factors (QAWRF) had been previ...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Risk management and healthcare policy 2024-03, Vol.17, p.455
Main Authors: Hatta, Faizul Haris Mohd, Sapian, Nor Akmar Mohd, Samsudin, Ely Zarina, Aimran, Nazim, Ismail, Zaliha
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Computer industry
Medical personnel
Medical research
Medicine, Experimental
Surveys
Violence
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Summary:Introduction: Among available workplace violence (WPV) interventions, only data-driven, worksite-based, and risk-based approach WPV interventions had moderate evidence for effectiveness in decreasing the risk of WPV. The Questionnaires to Assess Workplace Violence Risk Factors (QAWRF) had been previously developed to determine the level of WPV risk factors in each healthcare setting based on the tripartite perspective of key stakeholders to enable effective WPV interventions. This study aimed to determine the construct validity and test--retest validity of QAWRF. Methods: QAWRF, a three-component instrument consisting of QAWRF-Administrators, QAWRF-Workers, and QAWRF-Clients, had previously undergone content validation, face validation, and internal consistency reliability testing. 965 respondents were recruited to examine the construct validity of QAWRF, and a subset of these (n = 90) were retested again at an interval of three weeks to assess its test--retest reliability. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed, and fitness indices, average variance extracted, correlation coefficient, composite reliability, and intraclass correlation coefficient were determined. Results: QAWRF-Administrator, QAWRF-Worker, and QAWRF-Client had acceptable factor loadings ([greater than or equal to]0.6), absolute fit (Root Mean Square Error of Approximation > 0.1), incremental fit (Confirmatory Fit Index and Tucker Lewis Index > 0.9), parsimonious fit (Chi-square/degree of freedom < 5), correlation coefficient between construct ([less than or equal to]0.85), discriminant validity index, and construct reliability ([greater than or equal to]0.6). CFA supported a four-factor model for QAWRF-Administrator and QAWRF-Worker, and a two-factor model for QAWRF-Client. Conclusion: QAWRF holds good construct validity and test--retest reliability. By using QAWRF, healthcare managers can identify specific WPV risk factors that are perceived by stakeholders as prevalent at a particular workplace, and these findings can contribute towards data-driven, worksite-specific, and targeted WPV interventions in healthcare settings that are expected to be resource-efficient and more effective than general WPV interventions. Keywords: workplace violence, risk factors, risk assessment, questionnaire, instrument, tool, validation, healthcare workers
ISSN:1179-1594
1179-1594