Linden

Linden (Tilia spp.), a profusely flowering temperate tree that provides bees with vital pollen and nectar, has been associated with bumble bee (Bombus spp.) mortality in Europe and North America. Bee deaths have been attributed, with inadequate evidence, to toxicity from mannose in nectar or starvat...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:PloS one 2019-07, Vol.14 (7), p.e0218406
Main Authors: Lande, Claire, Rao, Sujaya, Morre, Jeffrey T, Galindo, Gracie, Kirby, Julie, Reardon, Patrick N, Bobe, Gerd, Stevens, Jan Frederik
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Alkaloids
Analysis
Bees
Bumblebees
Chemical properties
Composition
Enzyme inhibitors
Health aspects
Metabolites
Monosaccharides
Nectar
Population declines
Pyridine
Statistics
Tilia
Toxicity
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Summary:Linden (Tilia spp.), a profusely flowering temperate tree that provides bees with vital pollen and nectar, has been associated with bumble bee (Bombus spp.) mortality in Europe and North America. Bee deaths have been attributed, with inadequate evidence, to toxicity from mannose in nectar or starvation due to low nectar in late blooming linden. Here, we investigated both factors via untargeted metabolomic analyses of nectar from five T. cordata trees beneath which crawling/dead bumble bees (B. vosnesenskii) were observed, and of thoracic muscle of 28 healthy foraging and 29 crawling bees collected from linden trees on cool mornings (< 30°C). Nectar contained the pyridine alkaloid trigonelline, a weak acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, but no mannose. Principal component analysis of muscle metabolites produced distinct clustering of healthy and crawling bees, with significant differences (P
ISSN:1932-6203
1932-6203
DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0218406