Cell dysfunction during progression of metabolic syndrome to type 2 diabetes

In a society where physical activity is limited and food supply is abundant, metabolic diseases are becoming a serious epidemic. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) represents a cluster of metabolically related symptoms such as obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and carbohydrate intolerance, and significant...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:The Journal of clinical investigation 2019-10, Vol.129 (10)
Main Authors: Hudish, Laura I, Reusch, Jane E.B, Sussel, Lori
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Development and progression
Exercise
Food
Food supply
Glucose
Homeostasis
Hypertension
Insulin
Insulin resistance
Obesity
Pancreatic beta cells
Phenotypes
Physical fitness
Type 2 diabetes
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Summary:In a society where physical activity is limited and food supply is abundant, metabolic diseases are becoming a serious epidemic. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) represents a cluster of metabolically related symptoms such as obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and carbohydrate intolerance, and significantly increases type 2 diabetes mellitus risk. Insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia are consistent characteristics of MetS, but which of these features is the initiating insult is still widely debated. Regardless, both of these conditions trigger adverse responses from the pancreatic [beta] cell, which is responsible for producing, storing, and releasing insulin to maintain glucose homeostasis. The observation that the degree of [beta] cell dysfunction correlates with the severity of MetS highlights the need to better understand [beta] cell dysfunction in the development of MetS. This Review focuses on the current understanding from rodent and human studies of the progression of [beta] cell responses during the development of MetS, as well as recent findings addressing the complexity of [beta] cell identity and heterogeneity within the islet during disease progression. The differential responses observed in [beta] cells together with the heterogeneity in disease phenotypes within the patient population emphasize the need to better understand the mechanisms behind [beta] cell adaptation, identity, and dysfunction in MetS.
ISSN:0021-9738
1558-8238
DOI:10.1172/JCI129188