Stimulation of [Alpha.sub.1]-Adrenergic Receptor Ameliorates Cellular Functions of Multiorgans beyond Vasomotion through PPAR[delta]

• Published in: PPAR research 2020-03, Vol.2019
• Main Authors: Lee, Yong-Jik, Kim, Hyun Soo, Seo, Hong Seog, Na, Jin Oh, Jang, You-Na, Han, Yoon-Mi, Kim, Hyun-Min
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Blood; Body weight; Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; Glucose metabolism; Hypertension; Medical examination; Muscles
• ISSN: 1687-4757
• DOI: 10.1155/2020/3785137

Cells can shift their metabolism between glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation to enact their cell fate program in response to external signals. Widely distributed [[alpha].sub.1]-adrenergic receptors (ARs) are physiologically stimulated during exercise, were reported to associate with the activating energetic AMPK pathway, and are expected to have biological effects beyond their hemodynamic effects. To investigate the effects and mechanism of AR stimulation on the physiology of the whole body, various in vitro and in vivo experiments were conducted using the AR agonist midodrine, 2-amino-N-[2-(2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-hydroxy-ethyl]- acetamide. The expression of various biomarkers involved in ATP production was estimated through Western blotting, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, oxygen consumption rate, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), fluorescence staining, and Oil red O staining in several cell lines (skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, liver, macrophage, vascular endothelial, and adipose cells). In spontaneously hypertensive rats, blood pressure, blood analysis, organ-specific biomarkers, and general biomolecules related to ATP production were measured with Western blot analysis, immunohistochemistry, ELISA, and echocardiography. Pharmacological activation of [[alpha].sub.1]-adrenergic receptors in C2C12 skeletal muscle cells promoted mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and ATP production by increasing the expression of catabolic molecules, including PPAR[delta], AMPK, and PGC-1[alpha], through cytosolic calcium signaling and increased GLUT4 expression, as seen in exercise. It also activated those energetic molecules and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation with cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells, adipocytes, macrophages, and hepatic cells and affected their relevant cell-specific biological functions. All of those effects occurred around 3 h (and peaked 6h) after midodrine treatment. In spontaneously hypertensive rats, [[alpha].sub.1]-adrenergic receptor stimulation affected mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and ATP production by activating PPAR[delta], AMPK, and PGC-1[alpha] and the relevant biologic functions of multiple organs, suggesting organ crosstalk. The treatment lowered blood pressure, fat and body weight, cholesterol levels, and inflammatory activity; increased ATP content and insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscles; and increased cardiac contractile function without exercise training. These results sugge