A description of sources detected by INTEGRAL during the first 4 years of observations

• Published in: Astronomy and astrophysics (Berlin) 2007-05, Vol.467 (2), p.585-596
• Main Authors: Bodaghee, A., Courvoisier, T. J.-L., Rodriguez, J., Beckmann, V., Produit, N., Hannikainen, D., Kuulkers, E., Willis, D. R., Wendt, G.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Astronomy; Astrophysics; Earth, ocean, space; Exact sciences and technology; Galaxy: stellar content; gamma rays: observations; High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena; Physics; Sciences of the Universe; X-rays: binaries
• ISSN: 0004-6361; 1432-0746; 1432-0756
• DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361:20077091

Context.In its first 4 years of observing the sky above 20 keV, INTEGRAL-ISGRI has detected 500 sources, around half of which are new or unknown at these energies. Follow-up observations at other wavelengths revealed that some of these sources feature unusually large column densities, long pulsations, and other interesting characteristics. Aims.We investigate where new and previously-known sources detected by ISGRI fit in the parameter space of high-energy objects, and we use the parameters to test correlations expected from theoretical predictions. For example, the influence of the local absorbing matter on periodic modulations is studied for Galactic High-Mass X-ray Binaries (HMXBs) with OB supergiant and Be companions. We examine the spatial distribution of different types of sources in the Milky Way using various projections of the Galactic plane, in order to highlight signatures of stellar evolution and to speculate on the origin of the group of sources whose classifications are still uncertain. Methods.Parameters that are available in the literature, such as positions, photoelectric absorption ($N_{{\rm H}}$), spin and orbital periods, and distances or redshifts, were collected for all sources detected by ISGRI. These values and their references are provided online. Results.ISGRI has detected similar numbers of X-ray Binaries and Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN). The former group contains new members of the class of HMXBs with supergiant stellar companions. Usually, this type of object presents strong intrinsic absorption which leads to a peak emission in an energy range that ISGRI is ideally suited to detect. Thanks to these additional systems, we are able to show that HMXBs are generally segregated in plots of intrinsic $N_{{\rm H}}$ versus the orbital period of the system and versus the spin period of the pulsar, based on whether the companion is a Be or an OB supergiant star. We also find a tentative but expected anti-correlation between $N_{{\rm H}}$ and the orbital period, and a possible and unexpected correlation between the $N_{{\rm H}}$ and the spin period. While only a handful of new Low-Mass X-ray Binaries (LMXBs) have been discovered, there are many sources that remain unclassified and they appear to follow a spatial distribution typical of Galactic sources (especially LMXBs) rather than extragalactic sources.