The cosmic evolution of massive black holes in the Horizon-AGN simulation

• Published in: Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 2016-08, Vol.460 (3), p.2979-2996
• Main Authors: Volonteri, M., Dubois, Y., Pichon, C., Devriendt, J.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Astronomy; Astrophysics; Black holes; Black holes (astronomy); Computer simulation; Cosmology; Estimates; Evolution; Feedback; Fluid mechanics; Halos; Physics; Red shift; Simulation; Supernovae
• ISSN: 0035-8711; 1365-2966
• DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stw1123

We analyse the demographics of black holes (BHs) in the large-volume cosmological hydrodynamical simulation Horizon-AGN. This simulation statistically models how much gas is accreted on to BHs, traces the energy deposited into their environment and, consequently, the back-reaction of the ambient medium on BH growth. The synthetic BHs reproduce a variety of observational constraints such as the redshift evolution of the BH mass density and the mass function. Strong self-regulation via AGN feedback, weak supernova feedback, and unresolved internal processes result in a tight BH–galaxy mass correlation. Starting at z ∼ 2, tidal stripping creates a small population of BHs over-massive with respect to the halo. The fraction of galaxies hosting a central BH or an AGN increases with stellar mass. The AGN fraction agrees better with multi-wavelength studies, than single-wavelength ones, unless obscuration is taken into account. The most massive haloes present BH multiplicity, with additional BHs gained by ongoing or past mergers. In some cases, both a central and an off-centre AGN shine concurrently, producing a dual AGN. This dual AGN population dwindles with decreasing redshift, as found in observations. Specific accretion rate and Eddington ratio distributions are in good agreement with observational estimates. The BH population is dominated in turn by fast, slow, and very slow accretors, with transitions occurring at z = 3 and z = 2, respectively.