XPS and NRA investigations during the fabrication of gold nanostructured functionalized screen-printed sensors for the detection of metallic pollutants

• Published in: Applied surface science 2017-03, Vol.397, p.159-166
• Main Authors: Jasmin, Jean-Philippe, Miserque, Frédéric, Dumas, Eddy, Vickridge, Ian, Ganem, Jean-Jacques, Cannizzo, Caroline, Chaussé, Annie
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Carbon screen-printed electrodes; Condensed Matter; Diazonium salts; Gold nanoparticles; Materials Science; NRA; Physics; XPS
• ISSN: 0169-4332; 1873-5584
• DOI: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.11.125

[Display omitted] •Functionalized nanostructured SPEs were made by multi-step diazonium salt chemistry.•Investigation of SPEs surface by XPS and NRA shows monolayer coverage by aminobenzyl groups.•Complete conversion of aminobenzyl groups into diazonium functions was also evidenced.•Covalent grafting of AuNPs onto SPEs lead to an unusual modification of Au-4f core level spectrum.•Ligand and lead signals showed the interest of nanostructurated SPEs for trace metals detection. An all covalent nanostructured lead sensor was built by the successive grafting of gold nanoparticles and carboxylic ligands at the surface of self-adhesive carbon screen-printed electrodes (SPEs). Surface analysis techniques were used in each step in order to investigate the structuration of this sensor. The self-adhesive surfaces were made from the electrochemical grafting of p-phenylenediamine at the surface of the SPEs via diazonium salts chemistry. The quantity of grafted aniline functions, estimated by Nuclear Reaction Analysis (NRA) performed with p-phenylenediamine labelled with 15N isotope, is in agreement with an almost complete coverage of the electrode surface. The subsequent diazotization of the aniline functions at the surface of the SPEs was performed; X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) allowed us to consider a quantitative conversion of the aniline functions into diazonium moieties. The spontaneous grafting of gold nanoparticles on the as-obtained reactive surfaces ensures the nanostructuration of the material, and XPS studies showed that the covalent bonding of the gold nanoparticles at the surface of the SPEs induces a change both in the Au-4f (gold nanoparticles) and Cl-2p (carbon ink) core level signals. These unusual observations are explained by an interaction between the carbon ink constituting the substrate and the gold nanoparticles. Heavy and toxic metals are considered of major environmental concern because of their non-biodegradability. In a final step, the grafting of the carboxylic ligands at the surface of the SPEs and an accumulation step in the presence of lead(II) cations allowed us to evidence the interest of nanostructured materials as metallic pollutants sensors.