Developmental anatomy of the liver from computerized three-dimensional reconstructions of four human embryos (from Carnegie stage 14 to 23)

• Published in: Annals of anatomy 2015-07, Vol.200, p.105-113
• Main Authors: Lhuaire, Martin, Tonnelet, Romain, Renard, Yohann, Piardi, Tullio, Sommacale, Daniele, Duparc, Fabrice, Braun, Marc, Labrousse, Marc
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: 3D reconstruction; Adult; Biliary tract; Biliary Tract - anatomy & histology; Biliary Tract - embryology; Embryonic Development; Female; Hepatic Artery - anatomy & histology; Hepatic Artery - embryology; Hepatic venous system; Human embryology; Human health and pathology; Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Imaging, Three-Dimensional; Life Sciences; Liver; Liver - anatomy & histology; Liver - embryology; Liver Circulation - physiology; Organogenesis; Portal system; Portal System - anatomy & histology; Portal System - embryology; Pregnancy; Software
• ISSN: 0940-9602; 1618-0402
• DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2015.02.012

•No studies on human descriptive liver embryology except for the human embryology textbooks.•Data on human liver embryology are scarce, unclear and debatable.•Beyond the obvious scientific interest, the knowledge of human liver embryology is important for the clinician especially for the hepatic surgeon, the radiologist and medical students.•Some data that are well known are discussed, and a comprehensive and a synthetic review of the literature has been performed. Some aspects of human embryogenesis and organogenesis remain unclear, especially concerning the development of the liver and its vasculature. The purpose of this study was to investigate, from a descriptive standpoint, the evolutionary morphogenesis of the human liver and its vasculature by computerized three-dimensional reconstructions of human embryos. Serial histological sections of four human embryos at successive stages of development belonging to three prestigious French historical collections were digitized and reconstructed in 3D using software commonly used in medical radiology. Manual segmentation of the hepatic anatomical regions of interest was performed section by section. In this study, human liver organogenesis was examined at Carnegie stages 14, 18, 21 and 23. Using a descriptive and an analytical method, we showed that these stages correspond to the implementation of the large hepatic vascular patterns (the portal system, the hepatic artery and the hepatic venous system) and the biliary system. To our knowledge, our work is the first descriptive morphological study using 3D computerized reconstructions from serial histological sections of the embryonic development of the human liver between Carnegie stages 14 and 23.