Induction of Metaphase Arrest in Cleaving Xenopus Embryos by MAP Kinase

The natural arrest of vertebrate unfertilized eggs in second meiotic metaphase results from the activity of cytostatic factor (CSF). The product of the c-mos$^{xe}$ proto-oncogene is thought to be a component of CSF and can induce metaphase arrest when injected into blastomeres of two-cell embryos....

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science) 1993-11, Vol.262 (5137), p.1262-1265
Main Authors: Haccard, Olivier, Sarcevic, Boris, Lewellyn, Andrea, Hartley, Rebecca, Roy, Linda, Izumi, Tetsuro, Erikson, Eleanor, Maller, James L.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Amino Acid Sequence
Animals
Biological and medical sciences
Blastomeres
Blastomeres - cytology
Blastomeres - metabolism
Cellular Biology
Classical genetics, quantitative genetics, hybrids
Cytoplasm
Eggs
Embryos
Enzyme Activation
Fertilization
Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology
Gels
Genetics of eukaryotes. Biological and molecular evolution
Life Sciences
Meiosis
Metaphase
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases
Mitosis
Models, Biological
Molecular Sequence Data
Oocytes
Phosphorylation
Protein kinases
Protein Kinases - metabolism
Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases - metabolism
Protein-Tyrosine Kinases - metabolism
Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mos - metabolism
Vertebrata
Xenopus
Xenopus laevis
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Summary:The natural arrest of vertebrate unfertilized eggs in second meiotic metaphase results from the activity of cytostatic factor (CSF). The product of the c-mos$^{xe}$ proto-oncogene is thought to be a component of CSF and can induce metaphase arrest when injected into blastomeres of two-cell embryos. The c-Mos$^{xe}$ protein can directly activate the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MAP kinase kinase) in vitro, leading to activation of MAP kinase. MAP kinase and c-Mos$^{xe}$ are active in unfertilized eggs and are rapidly inactivated after fertilization. Microinjection of thiophosphorylated MAP kinase into one blastomere of a two-cell embryo induced metaphase arrest similar to that induced by c-Mos$^{xe}$. However, only arrest with c-Mos$^{xe}$ was associated with activation of endogenous MAP kinase. These results indicate that active MAP kinase is a component of CSF in Xenopus and suggest that the CSF activity of c-Mos$^{xe}$ is mediated by MAP kinase.
ISSN:0036-8075
1095-9203
DOI:10.1126/science.8235656