Expression of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitors 1 and 2 in Lung Cancer and Their Role in Tumor Progression

• Published in: Clinical cancer research 1999-08, Vol.5 (8), p.2094-2102
• Main Authors: ROBERT, C, BOLON, I, GAZZERI, S, VEYRENC, S, BRAMBILLA, C, BRAMBILLA, E
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Biological and medical sciences; Cancer; Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine - metabolism; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung - metabolism; Cellular Biology; Disease Progression; Fibroblasts - metabolism; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; In Situ Hybridization; Life Sciences; Lung Neoplasms - metabolism; Medical sciences; Neoplasm Staging; Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 - biosynthesis; Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 2 - biosynthesis; Pneumology; Serine Proteinase Inhibitors - biosynthesis; Tumors of the respiratory system and mediastinum; Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator - biosynthesis
• ISSN: 1078-0432; 1557-3265

The plasminogen activator cascade initiated by urokinase type plasminogen activator (u-PA) is involved in extracellular matrix degradation during the tumor invasion process. The plasminogen activator inhibitors 1 (PAI-1) and 2 (PAI-2) are two specific inhibitors of u-PA. We hypothesized that the balance between u-PA and its two inhibitors could be disrupted to favor plasminogen activation during lung cancer progression. Using immunohistochemistry, we analyzed the pattern of expression of u-PA, PAI-1, and PAI-2 in non-small cell lung carcinomas (NSCLC) and neuroendocrine (NE) lung tumors. u-PA and PAI-1 were both detected in stromal fibroblasts and in tumor cells. In 84 NSCLCs, their epithelial expression was strongly correlated and linked to the presence of node metastasis ( P = 0.008), whereas their coexpression in fibroblasts was associated with larger tumor size ( P = 0,04) and advanced stages ( P = 0.009). In 72 NE tumors, u-PA and PAI-1 were more frequently expressed in fibroblasts in high-grade NE tumors (SCLC and large cell NE tumors) than in low- and intermediate-grade tumors (typical and atypical carcinoids). Comparison of in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry in 14 cases showed that PAI-1 was consistently expressed by stromal fibroblasts, although the protein was also localized in tumor cells. In contrast, the expression of PAI-2 was restricted to fibroblasts and correlated with the absence of nodal involvement ( P = 0.005). Considering NE tumors, the frequency of PAI-2 expression decreased along the NE spectrum from typical carcinoids to SCLCs. These data suggest that PAI-1acts in synergy with u-PA to favor tumor invasion process and connotes aggressivity, in contrast with PAI-2, which may block u-PA-mediated proteolysis and is inversely correlated with tumor progression.