Ageing-aware load following control for composite-cost optimal energy management of fuel cell hybrid electric vehicle

• Published in: Energy (Oxford) 2022-09, Vol.254 (Part A), p.124233, Article 124233
• Main Authors: Iqbal, Mehroze, Laurent, Julien, Benmouna, Amel, Becherif, Mohamed, Ramadan, Haitham S., Claude, Frederic
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Ageing; Automatic; Cost optimal; Electric power; Energy management; Engineering Sciences; Fluid mechanics; Fuel cell; Hybrid electric vehicle; Load following control; Mechanics; Physics; Thermics
• ISSN: 0360-5442; 1873-6785
• DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2022.124233

This paper aims to explore the viability of a novel frequency-driven load following control (LFC) as the dedicated energy management unit (EMU) of a commercial-grade fuel cell hybrid electric vehicle (FCHEV). The proposed EMU is envisioned to facilitate reliable performance under uncertain driving conditions, with mutual awareness towards hydrogen consumption and sources ageing. For that, a concept of composite-cost is introduced to establish an informed trade-off among sources ageing and hydrogen consumption. Thereafter, an adaptive framework is developed to tune the load following rule in an online manner subject to instantaneous minimization of the composite-cost. The conceptual application of proposed EMU is demonstrated in the simulation environment with parameters similar to those of a commercial vehicle. Two driving environments with distinct characteristics are extensively studied: a harsh US06 urban/suburban driving cycle and Artemis-Motorway cycle with an overall higher speed. The practical applicability of the proposed method is also validated via experimental test-bench with scaled-down hybrid power system. Detailed statistical analysis exhibits that the online-tuned variant of LFC with minimization preference given to the composite-cost provides the most appropriate trade-off by decreasing the composite-cost by 1.59%, hydrogen consumption by 0.35 g, and extending battery lifespan by 0.006%. [Display omitted] •Fuel cell/battery hybrid electric powertrain devoted for vehicular applications.•Parameters and specifications matched with those of a commercial-grade vehicle.•Viability of a novel frequency-driven load following control as the energy management unit.•Controlled trade-off between hydrogen consumption and sources ageing.•Conceptual and experimental validation under diverse driving environments.