Plasma FGF21 concentrations and spontaneous self-selection of protein suggest that 15% protein in the diet may not be enough for male adult rats

• Published in: American journal of physiology: endocrinology and metabolism 2022-02, Vol.322 (2), p.E154-E164
• Main Authors: Gehring, Josephine, Azzout-Marniche, Dalila, Chaumontet, Catherine, Gaudichon, Claire, Even, Patrick C
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adequacy; Animals; Biochemistry, Molecular Biology; Body composition; Body Composition - physiology; Body weight; Cell Behavior; Cellular Biology; Diet; Diet, High-Protein; Diet, Protein-Restricted; Eating - physiology; Endocrinology and metabolism; Energy; Energy balance; Energy Intake; Energy Metabolism - physiology; Fibroblast Growth Factors - blood; Food and Nutrition; Food composition; Food intake; Food Preferences - physiology; Homeostasis; Human health and pathology; Insulin-like growth factor I; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I - analysis; Life Sciences; Low protein diet; Male; Males; Molecular biology; Molecular Networks; Peptide YY - blood; Protein deficiency; Proteins; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Rodents; Subcellular Processes; Tissues and Organs
• ISSN: 0193-1849; 1522-1555
• DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00204.2021

Protein requirement has been determined at 10%-15% energy. Under dietary self-selection, rats ingest 25%-30% energy as protein and regulate FGF21 (a hormone signaling protein deficiency) to levels lower than those measured with a 15% protein (15P) diet. Our hypothesis is that if a 15P diet was indeed sufficient to ensure protein homeostasis, it is probably a too low protein level to ensure optimal energy homeostasis. Adult male Wistar rats were used in this study. The first objective was to determine the changes in food intake, body composition, and plasma FGF21, IGF-1, and PYY concentrations in rats fed 8P, 15P, 30P, 40P, or 50P diets. The second was to determine whether the FGF21 levels measured in the rats were related to spontaneous protein intake. Rats were fed a 15P diet and then allowed to choose between a protein diet and a protein-free diet. Food intake and body weight were measured throughout the experiments. Body composition was determined at different experimental stages. Plasma samples were collected to measure FGF21, IGF-1, and PYY concentrations. A 15P diet appears to result in higher growth than that observed with the 30P, 40P, and 50P diets. However, the 15P diet probably does not provide optimal progression of body composition owing to a tendency of 15P rats to fix more fat and energy in the body. The variable and higher concentrations of FGF21 in the 15P diet suggest a deficit in protein intake, but this does not appear to be a parameter reflecting the adequacy of protein intake relative to individual protein requirements. Under dietary self-selection, rats choose to ingest 25%-30% of energy as protein, a value higher than the protein requirement (10%-15%). According to our results, this higher spontaneous intake reflects the fact that rats fed a 15% protein diet, compared with high-protein diets, tend to bind more fat and have higher concentrations of FGF21, a hormone signaling protein deficiency. A 15% protein diet appears to be sufficient for protein homeostasis but not for optimal energy homeostasis.