Diabetic retinopathy relates to the incidence of foot ulcers and amputations in type 2 diabetes

• Published in: Diabetes/metabolism research and reviews 2023-03, Vol.39 (3), p.e3605-n/a
• Main Authors: Borderie, Gauthier, Foussard, Ninon, Larroumet, Alice, Blanco, Laurence, Barbet‐Massin, Marie‐Amélie, Ducos, Claire, Rigo, Marine, Arab, Lila Rami, Domenge, Frédéric, Mohammedi, Kamel, Ducasse, Eric, Caradu, Caroline, Delyfer, Marie‐Noelle, Korobelnik, Jean‐François, Rigalleau, Vincent
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Aged; Amputation; Amputation, Surgical; Diabetes; Diabetes mellitus (non-insulin dependent); Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - complications; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - epidemiology; Diabetic Foot - epidemiology; Diabetic Foot - etiology; Diabetic Foot - surgery; diabetic foot ulcer; Diabetic Nephropathies - epidemiology; Diabetic retinopathy; Diabetic Retinopathy - epidemiology; Diabetic Retinopathy - etiology; Dyslipidemia; Feet; Female; Foot diseases; Foot Ulcer; Humans; Incidence; Kidney diseases; Leg ulcers; Life Sciences; Male; Middle Aged; Patients; Retinopathy; Retrospective Studies; Risk Factors; Santé publique et épidémiologie; type 2 diabetes; Ulcers
• ISSN: 1520-7552; 1520-7560
• DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3605

Aims We investigated whether Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) is related to Diabetic Foot Ulcer (DFU) development, adjusted for the stratification of the International Work Group on Diabetic Foot (IWGDF) guidance. Materials and Methods DR and IWGDF stratification was registered retrospectively in patients hospitalised from 2009 to 2017 for uncontrolled and/or complicated type 2 diabetes. New DFUs were registered until 2020. Survival analyses categorised the subjects for DR, and multivariate Cox regression adjusted for confounders. Results The 522 patients (57.9% male) were 62 ± 9 years old with a diabetes duration of 14 ± 10 years, HbA1c of 8.7 ± 1.8%, 33.9% macroangiopathies and 44.8% diabetic kidney diseases. Their grades of DFU risk were 0 for 43.3%, 1 for 23.9%, 2 for 7.1%, and 3 for 25.6%. During the 52 months follow‐up (Inter Quartile Range: 32–71), 58 new DFUs and 18 lower‐limb amputations occurred, mostly in patients with DR present in 140 (26.8%) patients. Adjusted for age, sex and conventional risk factors (duration and control of diabetes, arterial hypertension, and dyslipidemia), and other complications (macroangiopathy and diabetic kidney disease), DR was associated with a greater incidence of DFUs. Adjusted for the IWGDF classification, DR was related to new DFUs (HR: 2.51, 95%Confidence Interval [CI]: 1.48–4.26) and amputations (HR: 3.56, 95%CI: 1.26–10.07). This relationship persisted in ascending IWGDF grades with incidences of DFUs from 2/1000 (grade 0, no DR) to 121/1000 patient‐years (grade 3 and DR) and amputations from 0 (grade 0, no DR) to 38/1000 patient‐years (grade 3 and DR). Conclusions Diabetic retinopathy independently relates to the incidence of foot ulcers and amputations in patients hospitalised for type 2 diabetes.