Does multitasking in the classroom affect learning outcomes? A naturalistic study

• Published in: Computers in human behavior 2020-05, Vol.106
• Main Authors: Jamet, Eric, Gonthier, Corentin, Cojean, Salomé, Colliot, Tiphaine, Erhel, Séverine
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Cognitive science; Psychology
• ISSN: 0747-5632; 0747-5632
• DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2020.106264

University students often engage in multimedia (e.g., texting or social networks) and nonmultimedia (e.g., chatting with neighbors) off-task multitasking behaviors during courses. The aim of the present study was to describe these off-task multitasking behaviors and analyze their effects on learning performance in a real teaching session. More specifically, 187 students attended a cognitive psychology tutorial as usual, taking notes either on paper or on a laptop. In an effort to preserve the ecological setting, they were not informed of our research on multitasking. After 20 min, students had to report the number and duration of off-task multitasking behaviors they had engaged in and complete a learning questionnaire. Results showed that multimedia and nonmultimedia multitasking behaviors were frequent but also additive, especially among students who used a laptop. These behaviors had a negative impact on students’ memorization of course content, although we found no significant effects on comprehension. Our study also showed that students who used a laptop had lower memory scores. A mediation analysis confirmed that this deleterious effect was partly attributable to multitasking. These results are discussed in terms of interference between off-task behaviors and the cognitive processes essential for learning.