Motor inhibition prevents motor execution during typing imagery: Evidence from an action-mode switching paradigm

• Published in: Cognition 2025-01, Vol.254, p.105997, Article 105997
• Main Authors: Nalborczyk, Ladislas, Alario, F.-Xavier, Longcamp, Marieke
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adult; Algorithmic modelling; Cognitive science; Female; Humanities and Social Sciences; Humans; Imagination - physiology; Inhibition, Psychological; Life Sciences; Linguistics; Male; Motor Activity - physiology; Motor imagery; Motor inhibition; Movement - physiology; Neurons and Cognition; Psychology and behavior; Psychomotor Performance - physiology; Reaction Time - physiology; Response inhibition; Typing; Typing imagery; Young Adult
• ISSN: 0010-0277; 1873-7838; 1873-7838
• DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105997

Motor imagery is accompanied by a subjective multisensory experience. This sensory experience is thought to result from the deployment of internal models developed for the execution and monitoring of overt actions. If so, how is it that motor imagery does not lead to overt execution? It has been proposed that inhibitory mechanisms may prevent execution during imagined actions such as imagined typing. To test this hypothesis, we combined an experimental with a modelling approach. We conducted an experiment in which participants (N = 49) were asked to alternate between overt (executed) and covert (imagined) typing. We predicted that motor inhibition should lead to longer reaction and movement times when the current trial is preceded by an imagined vs. an executed trial. This prediction was borne out by movement times, but not by reaction times. We introduced and fitted an algorithmic model of motor imagery to disentangle potentially distinct inhibitory mechanisms underlying these effects. Results from this analysis suggest that motor inhibition may affect different aspects of the latent activation function (e.g., the shape of the activation function or the motor execution threshold) with distinct consequences on reaction times and movement times. Overall, these results suggest that typing imagery involves the inhibition of motor commands related to typing acts. Preregistration, complete source code, and reproducible analyses are available at https://osf.io/y9a3k/.